Model calculations of NO2 and NOx have been performed for selectedstreets in Copenhagen (capital) and Aalborg (fourth largest city) as wellin a resolution of 5.6 km x 5.6 km for the entire country.The selected streets represent busy streets and are mainly street canyons.Concentrations are elevated in this type of streets due to the highemissions and restricted dispersion conditions. 99 streets were selectedin Copenhagen and 31 in Aalborg. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) wasbetween 5,400 and 67,600 vehicles/day in Copenhagen and between2,700 and 28,600 vehicles/day in Aalborg. On average traffic volumes are1% lower in Aalborg and about 7% lower in Copenhagen compared to2011. Based on information from Copenhagen and Aalborgmunicipalities the ADT and vehicle distribution on all streets have beenupdated with the most recent available traffic data. Last year the vehicledistribution for Copenhagen was based on the percentage of heavy-dutyvehicles. Therefore, assumptions about the average percentage of vans,and the average distribution of heavy-duty on trucks (<32, >32t) andbuses had to be made. This year the vehicle distribution (passenger cars,vans, type of trucks, type of buses) have been obtained based on manualcounts.Furthermore, manual traffic counts were for the first time available at thestreet segments in front of the measurement stations of H.C. AndersensBoulevard and Jagtvej. Compared to previous assumptions for H.C.Andersens Boulevard average daily traffic is about 8% higher compared
to 2011, and the percentage of vans is higher and the percentage of
heavy-duty vehicles is lower. Compared to previous assumptions for
Jagtvej average daily traffic is about 26% lower compared to 2011, and
the percentage of vans is higher and the percentage of heavy-duty
vehicles is slightly higher.
Travel speeds have not been changed for any of the streets. However,
analysis of travel speed data based on GPS measurements from a new
national database of the Danish Road Directorate (SpeedMap) show that
travel speeds are lower compared to previous assumptions for H.C.
Andersens Boulevard and Jagtvej. Therefore, it is likely that lower travel
speeds can be expected for all other roads. The next assessment for 2013
will include travel speed data for all 99 streets based on SpeedMap.
Model calculations have been carried out in order to determine the
annual concentrations of NO2 to be able to compare with limit values.
The air quality limit value for the annual mean is 40 µg/m3. The number
of exceedances is also given. An exceedance is registered if the calculated
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concentration is higher than 40.5 µg/m3 since the limit value is given as
an integer.
An interlinked modelling approach has been applied. The Danish
Eulerian Hemispheric Model (DEHM) calculates regional background
concentrations, the Urban Background Model (UBM) calculates the
urban background concentrations based on DEHM data, and the
Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) calculates street
concentrations based on UBM data.
A recent validation study of the OSPM has been carried out for 10
selected streets in Copenhagen that is a subdivision of all selected streets.
Passive measurements of NO2 were carried out from October 24 to
November 28, 2011. The results showed good agreement between
measured and modelled concentrations after updating of input data to
the OSPM model (Ellermann et al. 2012, Ketzel et al. 2012).
Calculations with the full model chain of DEHM-UBM-OSPM have been
compared to measured NO2 concentrations in 2012 for the fixed street
monitoring stations in Copenhagen and Aalborg. The model system
predicts annual NO2 concentrations within 2% for Jagtvej (Copenhagen),
-10% for H.C. Andersens Boulevard (Copenhagen), -11% for Vesterbro
(Aalborg). Calculations with the coupled DEHM-UBM models have also
been compared to the fixed background monitoring stations in
Copenhagen and Aalborg. Here the model system predicts annual NO2
concentrations within 13% for H.C. Ørsted Institute (Copenhagen) and -
7% Østerbro (Aalborg).
The comparison of the modelled NO2 concentrations presented in this
report for 2012 with measurements at the 3 street locations and 2
background locations in Copenhagen and Aalborg shows a good
agreement within ± 15%.
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