Traditionally, data of different types have been processed separately, leading to several different models, a geologic model, a geophysical model, and a production/engineering model. Indicator geostatistics provide an approach to merge all of the relevant information and then produce reservoir models consistent with that information.The importance of geology to the prediction of reservoir performance is recognized by reservoir engineers. However, it is important that the geologic (including the qualitative inferences) picture be transferred into a simulation model and not be time-consuming and frustrating.Three-dimensional geological modeling programs have been developed to automate the generation of geological maps and cross-sections from exploration data.11 Because these models are directly interfaced to the reservoir simulator, the reservoir engineer can easily utilize the complex reservoir description provided by the geologist for field development planning. In addition, the reservoir engineer can routinely and readily update their model with new data or interpretations and quickly provide consistent maps and sections for assessing results of activities like infill drilling. Three-dimensional geological modeling programs can provide maps and cross-sections in large numbers. This permits the engineer to become thoroughly familiar with the geology prior to designing the simulation model. A revolution in simulation techniques has come with the advent of numerical simulation models. Today, the reservoir engineer seeks more data, both in quantity and detail, from the geologist and production engineer. On the other hand, the history matching of the reservoir can lead to a feedback of geological information to the geologist.The degree of interaction between geoscientists and engineers has been well documented in the literature. Craig, et al. (1977)25 and Harris and Hewitt (1977)17 explained the value of synergism between engineering and geology. Craig, et al. emphasized the value of detailed reservoir description, utilizing geological, geophysical and reservoir simulation with the knowledge of geophysical tools, to provide a more accurate reservoir description for use in engineering calculations. Harris and Hewitt presented a geologic perspective of the synergism in reservoir management. They explained the reservoir inhomogeneity due to complex variations of reservoir continuity, thickness patterns, and pore-space properties (e.g., porosity permeability and capillary pressure).A major breakthrough in reservoir modeling has occurred with the advent of integrated geoscience (reservoir description) and engineering (reservoir production performance) software designed to manage reservoirs more effectively and efficiently (see Figures 5—12 and 5-13). Several service, software and consulting companies are now developing and marketing integrated software installed in a common platform. These interactive and user-friendly software provides more realistic reservoir models. The users from different disciplines can work with the software cooperatively as a basketball team rather than passing their own results like batons in a relay race.
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