Explicit finite difference formulation for a general interior node reduces to T_node^(i+1) = ( T_left^i + T_top^i + T_right^i + T_bottom^i)/4, which has the interpretation that the temperature of an interior node at the new time step is simply the average of the temperatures of its neighboring nodes at the previous time step (Fig. 5-50).
The stability criterion that requires the coefficient of T_m^i in the T_m^(i+1) expression to be greater than or equal to zero for all nodes is equally valid for two or three dimensional cases and severaly limits the size of the time step ∆t that can be used with the explicit method. In the case of transient two dimensional heat transfer in rectangular coordinates, the coefficient of T_m^i in the T_m^(i+1) expression is 1- 4τ, and thus the stability criterion for all interior nodes in this case is 1- 4τ > 0, or:
τ = α∆t/l^2 ≤ 1/4 (interior nodes, two dimensional heat
transfer in rectangular coordinates) (5-61)
where ∆x = ∆y = l. when the material of the medium and thus its thermal diffusivity α are known and the value of the mesh size l is specified, the largest allowable value of the time step ∆t can be determined from the relation above. Again the boundary nodes involving convection and/or radiation are more restrictive than the interior nodes and thus require smaller time steps. Therefore, the most restrictive boundary node should be used in the determination of the maximum allowable time step ∆t when a transient problem is solved with the explicit method.
The application of Eq.5-60 to each of the (M - 1) x (N – 1) interior nodes gives (M - 1) x (N – 1) equations. The remaining equations are obtained by applying the method to be boundary nodes unless, of course, the boundary temperatures are specified as being constant. The development of the transient finite difference formulation of boundary nodes in two (or three) dimensional problems is similar to be development in the one dimensional case discussed earlier. Again the region is partitioned between the nodes by forming volume elements around the nodes, and an energy balance is written for each boundary node on the basis of Eq.5-39. This is illustrated in example 5-7.
Example 5-7: transient two dimensional heat conduction in l-bars.
Consider two dimensional transient heat transfer in an l-shaped solid body that is initially at a uniform temperature of 900C and whose cross section is given in Figure 5-51. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the body are k = 15 W/m.0C and α = 3.2x10-6 m2/s, respectively, and heat is generated in the body at a rate of g ̇ = 2x106 W/m3. the left surface of the body is insulated, and the bottom surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of 900C at all times. At time t = 0, the entire top surface is subjected to convection to ambient air at T_∞ = 250C with a convection coefficient of h = 80 W/m2.0C, and the right surface is subjected to heat flux at a uniform rate of (q_R ) ̇ = 5000 W/m2. The nodal network of the problem consists of 15 equally spaced nodes with ∆x = ∆y = 1.2 cm, as shown in the figure. Five of the nodes are at the bottom surface, and thus their temperatures are known. Using the explicit method, determine the temperature at the top corner (node 3) of the body after 1, 3, 5, 10, and 60 min.
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