Biosurfactants are potentially repl

Biosurfactants are potentially replacements for synthetic surfactants in several industrial
processes, such as lubrication, wetting, softening, fixing dyes, making emulsions, stabilizing
dispersions, foaming, preventing foaming, as well as in food, biomedical and pharmaceutical
industry, and bioremediation of organic- or inorganic-contaminated sites. Glycolipids and
lipopeptides are the most important biosurfactants (BS) for commercial purpose (Table 1).
Shete et al. (2006) [16] mapped the patents on biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers (255 patents
issued worldwide) showing high number of patents in the petroleum industry (33%), cosmet‐
ics (15%), antimicrobial agent and medicine (12%) and bioremediation (11%). Sophorolipids
(24%), surfactin (13%) and rhamnolipids (12%) represent a large portion of the patents,
however, this may be underestimated since many patents do not specify the producer
organism restricting to the specific use of the BS only.
Biodegradation - Life of Science 32
Biosurfactant class Microorganism Application
Glycolipids Rhamnolipids P. aeruginosa and P. putida Bioremediation
P. chlororaphis Biocontrol agent
Bacillus subtilis Antifungal agent
Renibacterium salmoninarum Bioremediation
Sophorolipids Candida bombicola and C. apicola Emulsifier, MEOR, alkane dissimilation
Trehalose lipidsRhodococcus spp. Bioremediation
Tsukamurella sp. and Arthrobacter sp.Antimicrobial agent
Mannosylerythr
itol lipids
Candida antartica Neuroreceptor antagonist, antimicrobial
agent
Kurtzmanomyces sp Biomedical application
Lipopeptides Surfactin Bacillus subtilis Antimicrobial agent, biomedical application
Lichenysin B. licheniformis Hemolytic and chelating agent
Table 1. Major types of biosurfactants.
Improvement of detection methods together with increased concerns with environmental
issues are pushing researchers and policymakers towards more environmentally friendly
solutions for waste management and replacements for non-biodegradable substances. Organic
aqueous wastes (e.g., pesticides), organic liquids, oils (e.g., petroleum-based) and organic
sludges or solids (e.g., paint-derived) are common environmental organic chemical hazards
and are source of soil and aquatic contaminations that are normally difficult to be removed.
Another commonly found environmental hazard are the heavy metals, such as lead, mercury,
chromium, iron, cadmium and copper, which are also linked to activities of our modern
society. The remediation of contaminated sites is usually performed via soil washing or in situ
flushing, in case of soil contamination, and bioremediation or use of dispersants, in case of
aquatic areas. Soil washing/flushing is heavily dependent on the solubility of the contaminants,
which can be very challenging when dealing with poorly soluble hazards. Hydrophobic
contaminants usually require use of detergents or dispersants, both in soil or aquatic environ‐
ment, and the process is often followed by their biodegradation. Heavy metal, however, cannot
be biodegraded and are converted to less toxic forms instead. Hence, the commonly found
combination of inorganic and organic contamination demands a complex remediation process.
High hydrophobicity and solid-water distribution ratios of some pollutants result in their
interaction with non-aqueous phases and soil organic matter. Those interactions reduce
dramatically the availability for microbial degradation, since bacteria preferentially degrade
chemicals that are dissolved in water [17].
Bioremediation is a process that aims the detoxification and degradation of toxic pollutants
through microbial assimilation or enzymatic transformation to less toxic compounds [18]. The
success of this process relies on the availability of microbes, accessibility of contaminants and
conduciveness of environment. A typical bioremediation process consists of application of
Biosurfactants: Production and Applications
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56144
33
nutrients (containing nitrogen and phosphorous), under controlled pH and water content,
together with an emulsifier and surface-active agents. Biostimulation is the bioremediation
based on the stimulation of naturally indigenous microbes by addition of nutrients directly to
the impacted site, whereas bioaugmentation is based on addition of specific microbes and
nutrients to the impacted site. Bioaugmentation has been subject of several reports including
use of genetically engineered microorganisms (reviewed in Gentry et al., 2004 [19]). Biostimu‐
lation success relies on microorganism targeting the pollutant as a primarily food source,
which is supported by available electron donors/acceptors and nutrients (reviewed in Smets
& Pritchard, 2003 [20]).
The bioavailability of a chemical in general is governed by physical-chemical processes such
as sorption and desorption, diffusion and dissolution. Microorganisms improve bioavailabil‐
ity of potential biodegradable nutrients by production of biosurfactants [21], and the success
of microbes in colonize a nutrient-restricted environment is often related to their capacity of
producing polymers with surfactant activity.
The best-studied biosurfactant are the glycolipids, which contain mono- or disaccharides
linked to long-chain aliphatic acids or hydroxyaliphatic acids. Rhamnolipids are better known
glycolipid class, which are normally produced as a mixture of congeners that varies in
composition according to the bacterium strain and medium components, which provides
specific properties to rhamnolipids derived from different isolates and production processes
[7]. This class of biosurfactant has been implied in several potential applications such as in
bioremediation, food industry, cosmetics and as an antimicrobial agent. Several reports have
been shown rhamnolipids to be efficient in chelating and remove/wash heavy metals, perhaps
due to the interaction between the polar glycosidic group with the metal ions. Whereas their
interaction with organic compounds increases their bioavailability or aids their mobilization
and removing in a washing treatment. Rhamnolipids have been shown to be effective in
reducing oil concentration in contaminated sandy soil [22] and their addition at relatively low
concentration (80 mg/L) to diesel/water system substantially increased biomass growth and
diesel degradation [23]. Interestingly, rhamnolipids combined with a pool of enzyme pro‐
duced by Penicillium simplicissimum enhanced the biodegradation of effluent with high fat
content from poultry processing plant, suggesting a synergistic interaction between biosur

Kết quả (Trung) 1:

生物表面活性剂有可能在几个工业合成表面活性剂的替代品流程，如润滑性、 润湿性、 软化、 固定染料、 乳剂、 稳定分散、 发泡、 防止起泡，以及在食品、 生物医学和制药工业和生物修复技术的有机或无机-污染的场所。糖脂和肽类是最重要的生物表面活性剂 （BS） 作商业用途 （表 1）。Shete 等人 （2006 年） [16] 映射的生物表面活性剂和 bioemulsifiers （255 项专利的专利全世界范围内发布） 显示高多项专利在石油行业 （33%），cosmet‐ics （15%）、 抗菌剂和医药 （12%） 和修复 （11%）。槐糖脂（24%），该文 （13%） 和鼠 （12%） 代表了专利，很大一部分然而，这可能被低估，因为多项专利不指定生产商限制只 BS 的具体用途的有机体。生物降解-生命科学 32生物表面活性剂类微生物应用技术糖脂液铜绿假单胞菌和单胞菌生物修复技术P.chlororaphis 生物防治枯草芽孢杆菌抗真菌制剂鲑肾杆菌生物修复技术槐糖脂假丝酵母 bombicola 和 C.apicola 乳化剂、 驱油，烷烃异化海藻糖 lipidsRhodococcus 菌生物修复技术Tsukamurella 某地和杆菌。抗菌剂Mannosylerythritol 血脂念珠菌南极洲活体拮抗剂抗菌代理Kurtzmanomyces sp 生物医学中的应用肽类该文芽孢杆菌枯草抗菌剂，生物医学中的应用Lichenysin B.地衣溶血性和螯合剂表 1。生物表面活性剂的主要类型。与环境的日益关注以及检测方法的改进问题推动研究人员和政策制定者倾向于更环保废物管理和非生物降解物质的替代解决方案。有机含水废物 (例如，农药)、 有机液体、 油类 (如以石油为基础） 和有机污泥或固体 （例如，油漆派生） 是常见的环境有机化学品危害和土壤和水生是通常难以去除的污染物的来源。另一个常见的环境危害是重金属，例如铅、 汞、铬、 铁、 镉和铜，还链接到我们的现代活动社会。受污染场地的修复通常是执行通过土壤清洗或原位冲厕、 土壤污染和修复或分散剂、 使用的情况下水生的领域。土壤清洗/冲刷是严重依赖于污染物的溶解度处理难溶性的危害时，这可以是非常具有挑战性的。疏水性污染物通常需要使用清洁剂或分散剂，无论在土壤或水生 environ‐和这一进程往往会伴随其生物降解性。重金属音乐，但是，不能完全生物降解，而改为毒性较低的形式。因此，通常发现无机和有机污染的组合要求复杂的修复过程。高疏水性和固体-水分配系数的一些污染物会导致他们非水相中与土壤有机质含量的相互作用。这些互动减少大大的微生物降解，因为细菌通常会优先分解可用性溶解在水 [17] 中的化学品。生物修复是一个目的的解毒和降解有毒污染物的过程通过微生物同化或酶转化为毒性较低的化合物 [18]。的这一进程的成功依赖于微生物、 污染物的可访问性的可用性和有利的环境。一个典型的生物修复过程包含中的应用生物表面活性剂： 生产与应用http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/5614433营养物质 （含氮和磷）、 下控制 ph 值、 水分含量一种乳化剂和表面活性剂。生物刺激是生物修复作用基于自然土著微生物的刺激，由直接向提供养料的加法受影响的网站，而生物强化技术基于另外的特定微生物和营养物质向受影响的网站。生物强化一直的几份报告，包括主题利用基因工程微生物 （审查中士绅 et al.2004 [19]）。Biostimu‐翻译的成功依赖于针对作为污染物的微生物主要的食物来源，这是受支持的可用矿化捐助者和营养物质 （Smets 审查与普里查德，2003 [20]）。一种化学物质的生物利用度在一般情况下被受这种物理-化学过程作为吸附与解吸、 扩散和溶出度。微生物提高 bioavailabil‐所生产的生物表面活性剂 [21] 和成功的潜在生物可降解养分 ity在微生物的殖民养分限制环境往往有关他们的能力生产聚合物与表面活性物质。最佳研究生物表面活性剂是糖脂化合物，其中包含单或双糖链接到的长链脂肪酸或 hydroxyaliphatic 酸。鼠是更好地了解糖脂类，通常生产各不相同的同族元素的混合体提供根据细菌菌株和培养基的组成，构成对鼠的特定属性来自不同菌株和生产工艺[7].此类生物表面活性剂已在几个潜在的应用，比如在中含蓄生物修复技术、 食品工业、 化妆品和作为抗菌剂。有几份报告被证明液能有效的螯合和删除和洗车的重金属元素，也许由于极性糖苷基团与金属离子之间的相互作用。而他们与有机物相互作用增加其生物利用度或帮助他们动员和洗涤处理中移除。鼠已经被证明是有效的减少油浓度污染 [22] 的沙质土壤和他们加上的相对较低柴油/水体系 （80 毫克/升） 浓度大幅度增加生物量增长和柴油退化 [23]。有趣的是，鼠结合酶 pro‐ 池通过青霉菌能力增强的生物降解性与高脂肪的污水来自家禽加工厂，建议 biosur 的协同互动的内容

Kết quả (Trung) 3:

Rhamnolipids are better known
glycolipid class, which are normally produced as a mixture of congeners that varies in
composition according to the bacterium strain and medium components, which provides
specific properties to rhamnolipids derived from different isolates and production processes
[7]. This class of biosurfactant has been implied in several potential applications such as in
生物表面活性剂有可能在一些工业
过程的合成表面活性剂的替代品，如润滑，湿润，柔软，固定染料，使乳液稳定的分散体，
，防止发泡，发泡，以及在食品，生物医药
产业，生物有机或无机污染场地。糖脂和
脂肽是最重要的生物表面活性剂（BS）为商业目的（表1）。
轩泰等人。（2006）[ 16 ]映射在表面活性剂和bioemulsifiers专利（专利255项
发布全球）显示在油气行业的专利数高（33%），美容‐
IC（15%），抗菌剂和药物（12%）和（11%）的生物修复。槐糖脂
（24%），表面活性素（13%），鼠李糖脂（12%）表示的专利，很大一部分
然而，这可能被低估，因为许多专利不指定限制的BS具体使用只有生产者
有机体。
生命科学生物降解32
微生物应用
糖脂鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂类铜绿假单胞菌和铜绿假单胞菌生物修复
P.
chlororaphis生防菌枯草芽孢杆菌的抗真菌剂
鲑肾杆菌生物修复
槐糖脂念珠菌bombicola C. apicola乳化剂，采油，烷烃的异化
海藻糖lipidsrhodococcus属生物修复
冢sp.和节杆菌的抗菌剂
mannosylerythr
醇脂质
南极洲假丝酵母受体拮抗剂，抗菌剂

kurtzmanomyces SP的生物医学应用
脂肽的枯草芽孢杆菌的抗菌剂，生物医学应用
地衣素地衣芽孢杆菌溶血和螯合剂
表1。生物表面活性剂的主要类型。
检测方法加上环境
问题涉及改进使研究人员和政策制定者对环境更友好的
非生物降解的物质，废物管理和替代解决方案。有机
水浪费（例如，农药），有机液体，油（例如，基于石油的）和有机
淤泥或固体（例如，油漆成）是常见的环境有机化学危害
是土壤和水体污染，通常很难被清除
源。另一个常见的环境危害的重金属，如铅，汞，
铬，铁，镉和铜，这也与我国现代
社会活动。污染场地的修复通常是通过土壤洗涤或在原位进行
冲洗，在土壤污染的情况下，和生物修复或使用分散剂，在
水地区为例。土壤清洗/冲刷严重依赖于污染物的溶解度，
可以非常具有挑战性，在处理难溶性危害。疏水
污染物通常需要使用的清洁剂或分散剂，在土壤或水环境‐
彪，这个过程是经常跟着他们的生物降解。重金属，然而，不能
可生物降解和转化为毒性较低的形式，而不是。因此，通常发现
相结合的无机和有机污染的要求一个复杂的修复过程。
高疏水性固体水分配比与非水相污染物与土壤有机质在
相互作用的结果。这些相互作用减少
巨大的微生物降解的可用性，因为细菌优先降解
化学物质溶解在水中的[ 17 ]。
生物修复是一个过程，目的是解毒的有毒污染物降解微生物同化或
通过酶法转化为毒性较低的化合物[ 18 ]。这个过程的
的成功依赖于微生物的有效性，污染和
有利环境的可访问性。一个典型的生物修复过程的应用：
生物表面活性剂的生产和应用
HTTP：/ / DX。DOI。org／10.5772／56144
33
养分（含氮和磷），控制pH值和水分条件下，
加乳化剂和表面活性剂。生物刺激是生物修复
基于自然的土著微生物刺激通过添加营养素直接
受影响的部位，而生物强化技术是基于特定的微生物和
养分的影响站点添加。强化了几个报告包括
使用遗传工程微生物学科（回顾士绅等人。，2004 [ 19 ]）。biostimu‐
翻译的成功依赖于目标污染物的微生物作为一个主要的食物来源，
是可用的电子供体/受体和营养支持（在Smets
&普里查德，2003 [ 20 ]审查）。
一般的化学的生物利用度是由物理化学过程等
吸附和解吸，扩散和溶解。微生物提高生物等效性‐