Previous research on capital structure has highlighted the
critical impact of financial restrictions when seeking funds
(Faulkender & Petersen, 2006; Fazzari, Hubbard, & Petersen,
1988; Hubbard, 1998). More specifically, a number of studies
emphasise that financially constrained firms obtain less funds and
at a higher cost (Carpenter & Petersen, 2002). Recent empirical
literature deems unlisted firms as highly constrained and states
that they face more severe information asymmetry problems and
boast less financial flexibility than their quoted counterparts (Brav,
2009). While unlisted firms face high flotation and adverse
selection costs, listed firms mostly face flotation costs. Furthermore, the former are smaller, less diversified and more opaque.
Hence, agency costs are also particularly high in unlisted firms
(Smith, 2007).
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