LITERATUREThere are several streams of the literature that may help readers examine the case.Fintly, we will look at the cross-cultural management literature. Secondly, we willlook at organisational sffucture and contol.Cross cultural managementDelinitionsCulture has many definitions. Most international business textbooks define culturesomething like this: "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art,morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as amember of society''(Ball et aL,2002). Hofstede's (1997) argued that it is "thecollective programming of the mind which distinguishes themembers of one group.orcategory of people from another". This suggests culture is a mental map that guides usin our relations to our surroundings and to other people. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997) suggest that it is "the way in which a group of people solve problemsand reconcile dilemmas". Finally, Ferraro (1998) suggests, "culture is everything thatpeople have, think and do as members of their society. The three verbs in Ferraro'sdefinition - have, think and do - can help us identifu the three major structuralcomponents of the concept of culture:e For people to have something some material object must be presant.o When people think, ideas, values, attitudes, and beliefs are present.o When people do, they behave in certain socially prescribed ways.Above all, international business is about people. Culture is the things we need tounderstand in order to develop effective relationships with other people in anintemational business context.National culture comprises both elernents and dimensions. The elements of culture arefactors that explain that people are different. Mahoney et al (i998) provides a typicaltextbook definition of seven components:
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