Table 5.1. Major international conferences and agreements on environmental concernsYear Event Main issue/outcome1972 United Nations Conference onthe Human Environment inStockholmRecommendation on the creation of a UN environmentalorganization.1982 Stockholm +10 conference inNairobiNewly industrialising countries and the effects ofexplosive urbanisation.1985 Vienna Convention for the Protectionof the Ozone LayerMultilateral cooperation on research, systematicobservation of the ozone layer and monitoringon the production of depleting substances.Led to the Montreal Protocol on Substancesthat Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987, whichfocuses on phasing out the production anduse of a number of potentially harmful substances.1987 World Commission on Environmentand Development report“Our Common Future”, alsoknown as the Brundtland ReportThe concept of sustainable development introduced.1989 Basel Convention to controltransboundary movements ofhazardous wastes and theirdisposalAs of October 2003, the Basel Convention has158 parties.1992 United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Developmentin Rio de Janeiro (Earth Summit)The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development;and Agenda 21, a blueprint for actionon sustainable development, which integratedenvironmental matters into economicand development goals and led to a redirectionof national and international policies.1992 Convention on Biological Diversity(adopted at the EarthSummit)Requires countries to formulate national strategiesfor the protection of biodiversity and integratethese into national policies for environmentand development. Developed countriesare called upon to assist developing countrieswith the implementation of these strategies inorder to enable them to meet the Convention'sobjectives and to achieve global biodiversitybenefits. The three main goals of the Conventionare conservation of biodiversity, the sustainableuse of its elements, and fair and equitablesharing of benefits from the use ofcommon resources.Many actions have been undertaken on theglobal scale, but strong cooperation andcommitment in this area is clearly lacking.Much still needs to be achieved by the globalcommunity in protecting biodiversity.
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