The behavior of amphoteric surfactants is a result of two different functional groups in the molecule. The principal amphoteric surfactants are alkyl betaine derivatives, imidazole derivatives, amine sulfonates, and fatty amine sulfates.
Surfactants exhibit certain characteristics, such as:
● solubility in at least one phase of a liquid system
● amphipathic structure with opposing solubility tendencies; i.e., hydrophilic, lipophilic, or hydrophobic
● orientation of monolayers at phase interfaces formed by ions of surfactant molecules
● equilibrium concentration of a surfactant solute at a phase interface greater than the concentration in the bulk of either of the solutions
● micelle formation when the concentration of the solute in the bulk of the solution exceeds a limiting value that is a fundamental characteristic of each solute-solvent system
● exhibition of one or more functional properties; i.e., detergency, wetting, foaming, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersion, demulsifying, and defoaming.
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