Although the presence of nematicidal compounds in marigold has been well documented, there are conflicting reports concerning their efficacy for suppression of several nematodes. The generally better performance of marigolds against endoparasites than ectoparasites might be due in part to resistance mechanisms that operate only against nematodes feeding inside plant tissue (Gommers and Bakker, 1988). The differential ability of Tagetes species to suppress nematodes may be due to variation in Tagetes species and varieties (McKenry, 1991; Eisenback, 1987), edaphic factors, nematode species and races, and the active nematicidal compounds (Eisenback, 1987; Arevalo and Ko, 1989). For example, Buena et al. (2008) found that M. hapla populations varied in their ability to parasitize marigold depending on their race. Marigold cultivars also may have nematode-specific effects. For example, Ploeg (1999) found that ‘Tangerine Gem’ suppressed galling and reproduction of M. hapla but not of M. javanica, M. arenaria or M.incognita on a following tomato crop. In contrast, planting ‘Single Gold’ completely suppressed galls or J2 of M. incognita, M. javanica, or M. arenaria on tomato but increased galling and J2 of M.hapla on tomato compared to a fallow treatment. Good et al. (1965) found that the South American marigold, T. minuta, can be used to control M. incognita acrita, M. incognita incognita, M. javanica, B. longicaudatus, T. christiei, P. brachyurus, and to some extent X.americanum but did not reduce populations of M. hapla and M.arenaria. They concluded that T. minuta was the most promising nematode-reducing cover crop among seven plants tested: Crotalaria spectabilis, T. minuta, Desmodium tortuosum (beggarweed),Indigofera hirsuta (hairy indigo), Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense (sudangrass), Panicum ramosum, (star millet), and Cynodon dactylon (coastal bermudagrass). In addition, while Ko and Schmitt (1996) reported that T. patula ‘Boy-O-Boy’ suppressed R. reniformis, Wang et al. (2003a) reported that T. erecta ‘Cracker Jack’ was as susceptible to R. reniformis as its known pineapple host in a field trial. The variety Polynema was as susceptible to R. reniformis as an excellent cowpea host in a greenhouse experiment (Wang et al., 2001). Limitations of using T. patula ‘Boy-O-Boy’ as a nematode suppressive cover crop is its sensitivity to daylight and the fact that it does not generate sufficient biomass before flowering (Ko and Schmitt, 1996). Therefore, it is recommended that T. patula be planted during the spring or summer, or replaced with a variety that can generate more biomass such as ‘Single Gold’ during periods of short day length.Marigold plants may not effectively suppress PPNs over a wide range of soil temperatures. In a greenhouse experiment, Ploeg and Maris (1999a) studied the reproduction of M. incognita under five soil temperatures. M. incognita was able to complete its life cycle on marigold Tagetes hybrid var. Polynema at 30 ◦C. They concluded that this marigold cultivar should not be used for control of M. incognita when soil temperatures are near 30 ◦C. In a more detailed study evaluating the effect of temperature on M. incognita suppression, Ploeg and Maris (1999b) found that the impact of soil temperature on the ability of Tagetes to suppress nematode differed among Tagetes cultivars and further suggested that marigolds should be grown at soil temperatures above 15 ◦C to suppress M.incognita infection. Correspondingly, McSorley (1999) also suggested that temperature may play a role in the effectiveness of different marigolds and suggested that T. minuta may be more tolerant of warm summer temperatures in Florida than the more commonly used marigold species.Environmental conditions such as soil temperature may also lead to varying results. For example, Ploeg and Maris (1999b)found that T. patula ‘Single Gold’ and ‘Tangerine’, and T. erecta ‘Flor de Muerto’ suppressed M. incognita infection on subsequent tomato plants compared to a fallow treatment at 20–30 ◦C. However, T. signata ‘Tangerine’ and Tagetes hybrid Polynema failed to suppress M.incognita at temperatures higher than 30 ◦C, and T. erecta ‘Cracker Jack’ only reduced M. incognita densities at temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 ◦C. While differences in nematode populations, soil temperature, or even age of marigold could contribute to control inconsistencies, the timing of marigold planting in reference to nematodes’ life cycle could also be a factor. Pudasaini et al. (2006) proposed that a P. penetrans population declined at a slower rate during the last 3 weeks of the marigold growth because its nematicidal effect reduces as it senesces. Thus, the decision of when to plant various marigold cultivars is of significance.
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