rpm), and spindle dimension (typically 1 to 3).The Hercules viscometer (Kaltec Scientific, Inc., Novi, Michigan)is used to measure the high-shear behavior of a clay-water suspension(TAPPI method T-648). The Hercules instrument applies ashear rate from 0 to either 1,100 rpm or 4,400 rpm. The instrumentchanges the shear rate from 0 rpm to as high as 4,400 rpm and backdown to 0 as it measures the torque (from 1 x l@ to 1.8 x lo7 dynescm)applied to the clay slurry in a sample cup. Results can bereported in centipoise or more commonly, where the pen exits thechart, in “dynes” or rpm. When the torque equals 1.8 x lo7 dynescm,an rpm value between 0 and 4,400 at 18 dynes is reported. Whenthe torque is below 18 dynes, the dynes at 4,400 rpm are reported
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