Our sample consists of VC- and non-VC-backed IPOs that went public on US markets between 1990 and 2007. We first determine whether a firm has been subject to a VC financing from THOMSON ONE database, which contains information on mergers and acquisitions, VC and buy-out transactions, and VC investor exit route. This yields an initial sample of 2,413 VC-backed IPOs. Second, we exclude financial firms such as banks, insurance companies, and pension funds—due to the fact that they are not directly comparable to industrial and other service firms (Mazzola and Marchisio, 2002; Anderson and Reeb, 2003; Martinez, Stohr, and Quiroga, 2007); nonprofit companies – social clubs, sports clubs, and schools (Martinez, Stohr, and Quiroga, 2007); and IPOs with an offer price of less than $5.00 and amount offered of less than $3 million (Megginson and Weiss, 1991; Jain and Kini, 1994; Lee and Wahal, 2004). This yields a reduced sample of 942 VC-backed firms. Third, we match the rest of the sample with COMPUSTAT using the ticker symbol to extract accounting data for companies going public; thisprocedure rejects an additional 357 VC-backed IPOs lacking a valid ticker symbol. Fourth, we extract all
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