Diversity of eukaryotes associated with H. simulansThe use of targeted PCR primer pairs was necessary to reveal the high dinoflagellate diversity within the sponge extracts. Dinoflagellates have previously been reported to be associated with Antarctic sponges by metagenomic techniques (Webster et al., 2004) and with a Haliclona sp. by microscopic techniques (Garson et al., 1998). Furthermore the detection of a PKS gene fragment, Hal PKS 2, with close similarity to a dinoflagellate-derived PKS sequence (81% identity at amino acid level) suggests that dinoflagellates may play a role in sponge toxin biosynthesis. It is interesting to note that the well-known dinoflagellate toxin and phos- phatase inhibitor okadaic acid was first isolated from the sponge H. okadai.
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