Botosan (2004) argues that it is difficult to measure faithful representation directly
by only assessing the annual report, since information about the actual economic
phenomenon is necessary to assure faithful representation. According to Maines and
Wahlen (2006), however, estimates and assumptions that closely correspond to the
underlying economic constructs the standards pursue can enhance faithful representation.
Therefore, we focus on items in the annual report that increase the probability of
faithfully represented information. These items do not always directly refer to the US
GAAP or IFRS, yet they provide an indirect proxy of faithful representation of financial
reporting information prepared in accordance with certain accounting standards.
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