Central banks supervise the banking

Central banks supervise the banking system; fix the minimum interest rate; issue bank notes; control the money supply; inluence exchange rates; and act as lender of last resort.
Commercial banks are businesses that trade in money. They receive and hold deposits in current and savings accounts, pay money according to customers’ instructions, lend money, and offer investment advice, foreign exchange facilities, and so on. In some countries such as England these banks have branches in all major towns; in other countries there are smaller regional banks. Under American law, for example, banks can operate in only one state. Some countries have banks that were originally confined to single industry, e.g. the Credit Agricole in France, but these now usually a far wider customer base.
In some European countries, notably Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, there are universal banks which combine deposit and loan banking with share and bond dealing, investment advice, etc. Yet even universal banks usually form a subsidiary, known as a finance house, to lend money – at several per cent over the base lending rate – for hire purchase or instalment credit, that is, loans to consumers that are repaid in regular, equal monthly amounts.
In Britain, the USA and Japan, however, there is, or used to be, a strict separation between commercial banks and banks that do stockbroking or bond dealing. Thus in Britain, merchant banks specialise in raising funds for industry on the various financial market, financing international trade, issuing and underwriting securities, dealing with takeovers and mergers, issuing government bonds, and so on. They also offer stockbroking and portfolio management services to rich corporate and individual clients. Investment banks in the USA are similar, but they can only act as intermediaries offering advisory services, and do not offer loans themselves.
Yet despite the Glass-Steagall Act in the USA, and Article 65, imposed by the Americans in Japan in 1945, which enforce this separation, the distinction between commercial and merchant or investment banks has become less clear in recent years. Deregulation in the US and Britain is leading to the creation of “financial supermarkets” – conglomerates combining the services previously offered by stockbrokers, banks, insurance companies, etc.
In Britain there are also building societies that provide mortgages, i.e. they lend money to home-buyers on the security of houses and flats, and attract savers by paying higher interest than the banks. The savings and loan associations in the United States served a similar function, until most of them went spectacularly bankrupt at the end of the 1980s.
There are also supranational banks such as the World Bank or the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which are generally concerned with economic development.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Ngân hàng Trung ương giám sát hệ thống ngân hàng; Sửa chữa tỷ lệ lãi suất tối thiểu; vấn đề ngân hàng ghi chú; kiểm soát tiền cung cấp; tỷ giá ngoại tệ inluence; và hành động như là người cho vay cuối cùng. Ngân hàng thương mại là các doanh nghiệp thương mại trong tiền. Họ nhận được và giữ tiền gửi trong hiện tại và các tài khoản tiết kiệm, trả tiền theo hướng dẫn khách hàng, cho vay tiền, và cung cấp tư vấn đầu tư, ngoại hối Tiện nghi, và như vậy. Trong một số quốc gia như Anh các ngân hàng có các chi nhánh ở tất cả các thành phố chính; Các quốc gia khác có các ngân hàng khu vực nhỏ hơn. Theo luật pháp Mỹ, ví dụ, ngân hàng có thể hoạt động chỉ có một bang. Một số quốc gia có các ngân hàng đã được hạn chế đến công nghiệp duy nhất, ví dụ như Agricole tín dụng tại Pháp, nhưng những bây giờ thường một cơ sở khách hàng xa rộng hơn. Ở một số nước châu Âu, đặc biệt là Đức, áo và Thụy sĩ, có là ngân hàng phổ quát mà kết hợp các khoản tiền gửi và khoản cho vay ngân hàng với chia sẻ và liên kết đối phó, tư vấn, vv. Nhưng ngay cả universal ngân hàng thường tạo thành một công ty con, được biết đến như là một nhà tài chính, cho vay tiền-tại một số phần trăm trên cơ sở tỷ lệ cho vay-cho thuê mua hoặc tín dụng khoản trả góp, có nghĩa là, các khoản vay cho người tiêu dùng được hoàn trả trong thường xuyên, bằng số tiền hàng tháng. In Britain, the USA and Japan, however, there is, or used to be, a strict separation between commercial banks and banks that do stockbroking or bond dealing. Thus in Britain, merchant banks specialise in raising funds for industry on the various financial market, financing international trade, issuing and underwriting securities, dealing with takeovers and mergers, issuing government bonds, and so on. They also offer stockbroking and portfolio management services to rich corporate and individual clients. Investment banks in the USA are similar, but they can only act as intermediaries offering advisory services, and do not offer loans themselves. Yet despite the Glass-Steagall Act in the USA, and Article 65, imposed by the Americans in Japan in 1945, which enforce this separation, the distinction between commercial and merchant or investment banks has become less clear in recent years. Deregulation in the US and Britain is leading to the creation of “financial supermarkets” – conglomerates combining the services previously offered by stockbrokers, banks, insurance companies, etc. In Britain there are also building societies that provide mortgages, i.e. they lend money to home-buyers on the security of houses and flats, and attract savers by paying higher interest than the banks. The savings and loan associations in the United States served a similar function, until most of them went spectacularly bankrupt at the end of the 1980s. There are also supranational banks such as the World Bank or the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which are generally concerned with economic development.