Figure 2: Cement Manufacturing Process
3. Emissions from cement manufacturing
The most significant environment health and safety issue of cement manufacturing is emission [15]. Cement industry is potential anthropogenic source of air pollution. It has estimated that cement production originates about 5% of global manmade CO2 emissions [13]. The typical gaseous emissions to air from cement production include NOx, SOx, CO, CO2, H2S, VOCs, dioxins, furans and particulate matters [14], [15], [16]. These major pollutants can be classified in two categories- gaseous and particulates. Fuel combustion process is the source of gaseous emissions which include oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, oxides of carbon and volatile organic compounds and hydrogen sulfide. Quarrying, drilling, blasting, hauling, Cement mill, fuel preparation, packaging, road cleaning and stacks are sources of particulate matter in the form of dust and carbon particle [14], [15], [16].
There are many other sources of emissions from cement manufacturing, such as emissions from transportation equipment used in the mining and transporting raw and finished material, fuel used for electricity production for operating other process in cement manufacturing [23].
Types of fuel used in cement industries for few selected countries [11]
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