the reference direction is as shown, and the multiplying constant.. is dimensionlessfinally, in uor discussion of in deal suorces , we note that they are examples of active circuit element. An active element is one that models a device capable of generating electric energy. passive elements model physical devices that cannot generate electric energy. resistors, induc-tors, and capacitors are examples of passive circuit elements Examples 2.1 and. 2.2 illustrate how the characteristics of ideal independent and dependent sources limit the types of permissible interconnections of the suorces
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