Diffraction of X-rays by crystallinematerials, a technique called X-ray crystallography, provides crystal structure identifi-cation, orientation of atomic planes in materials, and other physical information aboutsamples. X-ray astronomy uses cosmic X-rays to study the universe and X-ray spectrometershave been sent to the moon and Mars to study the surface rocks in situ. Thischapter will focus on X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD), the techniques of most use to analytical chemists.
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