1.1 GIỚI THIỆUBạn nên sử dụng những gì kết nối Internet? Modem cáp hoặc DSL (chính thức được gọi là kỹ thuật sốĐường dây thuê bao)? Cáp modem được cho là sáu lần nhanh hơn so với DSL, cung cấpdữ liệu tốc độ 10 mbps đến của DSL 1-5 Mbps (triệu bit trên giây). Công ty cáp mộtsử dụng một con rùa để đại diện cho DSL trong quảng cáo. Vì vậy, đó là nhanh hơn? Chúng tôi sẽ cung cấp cho bạnmột gợi ý. Mà chiến thắng cuộc đua trong fable, con rùa hoặc thỏ? Bởi thời gian bạnkết thúc cuốn sách này, bạn sẽ hiểu đó là nhanh hơn và tại sao, cũng như lý do tại sao việc lựa chọn cácCác công ty phải là nhà cung cấp dịch vụ Internet (ISP) là có lẽ quan trọng hơnlựa chọn công nghệ phù hợp.Trong thập kỷ vừa qua, hay như vậy, nó đã trở nên rõ ràng rằng thế giới đã thay đổi mãi mãi.Chúng tôi tiếp tục để giả mạo đường của chúng tôi thông qua các thời đại thông tin-cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp lần thứ hai, theo John Chambers, CEO (Giám đốc điều hành) của Cisco Systems,Inc, một trong thế giới hàng đầu của công ty công nghệ mạng. Công nghiệp đầu tiênCách mạng cách mạng hóa cách người làm việc bằng cách giới thiệu máy và mớihình thức tổ chức. Công ty mới và ngành công nghiệp nổi lên và những cái cũ mất.Cách mạng công nghiệp lần thứ hai là cách mạng cách mọi người làm việc thông quamạng và dữ liệu truyền thông. Giá trị của một truyền dữ liệu tốc độ caomạng là rằng nó mang lại người với nhau theo cách không bao giờ trước khi có thể. Trong những năm 1800, nómất một vài tuần cho một tin nhắn đến Bắc Mỹ bằng tàu thủy từ Anh. Bởi các1900s, it could be transmitted within the hour. Today, it can be transmitted in seconds.Collapsing the information lag to Internet speeds means that people can communicateand access information anywhere in the world regardless of their physical location. Infact, today’s problem is that we cannot handle the quantities of information we receive.Data communications and networking is a truly global area of study, both becausethe technology enables global communication and because new technologies and applications often emerge from a variety of countries and spread rapidly around the world. TheWorld Wide Web, for example, was born in a Swiss research lab, was nurtured throughits first years primarily by European universities, and exploded into mainstream popularculture because of a development at an American research lab.One of the problems in studying a global phenomenon lies in explaining the different political and regulatory issues that have evolved and currently exist in different partsof the world. Rather than attempt to explain the different paths taken by different countries, we have chosen simplicity instead. Historically, the majority of readers of previouseditions of this book have come from North America. Therefore, although we retain aglobal focus on technology and its business implications, we focus exclusively on NorthAmerica in describing the political and regulatory issues surrounding communicationsand networking. We do, however, take care to discuss technological or business issueswhere fundamental differences exist between North America and the rest of the world(e.g., ISDN [integrated services digital network]) (see Chapter 8).One of the challenges in studying data communications and networking is thatthere are many perspectives that can be used. We begin by examining the fundamentalconcepts of data communications and networking. These concepts explain how data ismoved from one computer to another over a network, and represent the fundamental“theory” of how networks operate. The second perspective is from the viewpoint of thetechnologies in use today—how these theories are put into practice in specific products.1.1 INTRODUCTION 5From this perspective, we examine how these different technologies work, and whento use which type of technology. The third perspective examines the management ofnetworking technologies, including security, network design, and managing the networkon a day-to-day and long-term basis.In our experience, many people would rather skip over the fundamental concepts,and jump immediately into the network technologies. After all, an understanding oftoday’s technologies is perhaps the most practical aspect of this book. However, networktechnologies change, and an understanding of the fundamental concepts enables you tobetter understand new technologies, even though you have not studied them directly.1.1.1 A Brief History of Communications in North AmericaToday we take data communications for granted, but it was pioneers like Samuel Morse,Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison who developed the basic electrical andelectronic systems that ultimately evolved into voice and data communication networks.In 1837, Samuel Morse exhibited a working telegraph system; today we might consider it the first electronic data communication system. In 1841, a Scot named AlexanderBain used electromagnets to synchronize school clocks. Two years later, he patented aprinting telegraph—the predecessor of today’s fax machines. In 1874, Alexander Graham Bell developed the concept for the telephone at his father’s home in Brantford,Ontario, Canada, but it would take him and his assistant, Tom Watson, another two yearsof work in Boston to develop the first telephone capable of transmitting understandableconversation in 1876. Later that year, Bell made the first long-distance call (about 10miles) from Paris, Ontario, to his father in Brantford.MANAGEMENT 1.1 CAREER OPPORTUNITIESFOCUSIt’s a great time to be in information technology even after the technology bust. Thetechnology-fueled new economy has dramaticallyincreased the demand for skilled information technology (IT) professionals. The U.S. Bureau ofLabor estimates that the number of IT-relatedjobs will increase 15%–20% by 2018. IT employers have responded: Salaries have risen rapidly.Annual starting salaries for undergraduates at
Indiana University range from $50,000 to $65,000.
Although all areas of IT have shown rapid growth,
the fastest salary growth has been for those with
skills in Internet development, networking, and
telecommunications. People with a few years of
experience in these areas can make $65,000 to
$90,000—not counting bonuses.
The demand for networking expertise is growing for two reasons. First, Internet and communication deregulation has significantly changed
how businesses operate and has spawned thousands of small start-up companies. Second, a host
of new hardware and software innovations have
significantly changed the way networking is done.
These trends and the shortage of qualified network experts have also led to the rise in certification. Most large vendors of network technologies,
such as Microsoft Corporation and Cisco Systems, Inc., provide certification processes (usually
a series of courses and formal exams) so that
individuals can document their knowledge. Certified network professionals often earn $10,000
to $15,000 more than similarly skilled uncertified
professionals—provided they continue to learn
and maintain their certification as new technologies emerge.
SOURCES: Payscale.com, Bureau of Labor Statistics
(2011)
6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS
When the telephone arrived, it was greeted by both skepticism and adoration, but
within five years, it was clear to all that the world had changed. To meet the demand, Bell
started a company in the United States, and his father started a company in Canada. In
1879, the first private manual telephone switchboard (private branch exchange, or PBX)
was installed. By 1880, the first pay telephone was in use. The telephone became a way
of life, because anyone could call from public telephones. The certificate of incorporation
for the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) was registered in 1885.
By 1889, AT&T had a recognized logo in the shape of the Liberty Bell with the words
Long-Distance Telephone written on it.
In 1892, the Canadian government began regulating telephone rates. By 1910, the
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) had the authority to regulate interstate telephone businesses in the United States. In 1934, this was transferred to the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC).
The first transcontinental telephone service and the first transatlantic voice connections were both established in 1915. The telephone system grew so rapidly that by
the early 1920s, there were serious concerns that even with the introduction of dial telephones (that eliminated the need for operators to make simple calls) there would not
be enough trained operators to work the manual switchboards. Experts predicted that by
1980, every single woman in North America would have to work as a telephone operator
if growth in telephone usage continued at the current rate. (At the time, all telephone
operators were women.)
The first commercial microwave link for telephone transmission was established in
Canada in 1948. In 1951, the first direct long-distance dialing without an operator began.
The first international satellite telephone call was sent over the Telstar I satellite in
1962. By 1965, there was widespread use of commercial international telephone service
via satellite. Fax services were introduced in 1962. Touch-tone telephones were first
marketed in 1963. Picturefone service, which allowed users to see as well as talk with
one another, began operating in 1969. The first commercial packet-switched network for
computer data was introduced in 1976.
Until 1968, Bell Telephone/AT&T controlled the U.S. telephone system. No telephones or computer equipment other than those made by Bell Telephone could be
connected to the phone system and only AT&T could provide telephone services. In
1968, after a series of lawsuits, the Carterfone court decision allowed non-Bell equipment to be connected to the Bell System network. This important milestone permitted
independent telephone and modern manufacturers to connect their equipment to U.S.
telephone networks
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