2.3. Causality between other macroeconomic variables and economicgrowthThe third strand of the literature investigates the direction of causalitybetween economic growth and macroeconomic variables such as thereal effective exchange rate, the inflation rate, and the real rate of interest.As with the other two cases, the empirical literature posits threepossible causal links between macroeconomic variables (real effectiveexchange rate/inflation rate/real rate of interest) and economic growth.The first relationship is a supply-leading hypothesis, that is,unidirectional causality from a macroeconomic variable to economicgrowth. Studies that lend support to this hypothesis are Pradhan,Mukhopadhyay, Gunashekar, Bele, and Pandey (2013) for sixteenAsian countries (1988–2012), Darrat (1999) for Taiwan (1973–2007),and Masih and Masih (1996b) for Thailand and Malaysia (1955–1991).The second relationship is a demand-following hypothesis, which isunidirectional causality from economic growth to a particular macroeconomicvariable. The studies by Kim, Lim, and Park (2013) forMENA countries (1980–2007), Filis (2010) for Greece (1996–2008),and Masih and Masih (1996a) for developing countries (1955–1991)lend support to this approach.The third relationship is a feedback hypothesis, i.e., bidirectional causalitybetween economic growth and any one of the macroeconomicvariables described above. The studies that lend support this hypothesisare Andres and Hernando (1997) for mature and emerging markets(1991–2006), Andres, Hernando, and Lopez-Salido (2004) for 21OECD countries (1961–1993), and Baillie, Chung, and Tieslau (1996)for Argentina, Brazil, Israel and the United Kingdom (1995–2007).An interesting feature of our study is that we entertain the possibilityof causal links between several variables simultaneously. In doing so, wemeld these three strands of the literature. These links are examined inthe context of a group of countries that have heretofore not received
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