Through the quarter-century in which China has been opening to world trade, Chinese leaders have deliberately held down living standards for their own people and propped them up in the United States. This is the real meaning of the vast trade surplus—$1.4 trillion and counting, going up by about $1 billion per day—that the Chinese government has mostly parked in U.S. Treasury notes. In effect, every person in the (rich) United States has over the past 10 years or so borrowed about $4,000 from someone in the (poor) People’s Republic of China." James Fallows on how the trade deficit between China and America works and what it means for the future.
posted by afu (41 comments total) 22 users marked this as a favorite
Why exactly is China continuing to invest in American T-bills when even my goats outside would agree that the US is nearly insolvent? Yeah, there's the yarn that they lose their biggest trading partner, but surely there's not Big Chinese Man Buying All The T-Bills Not Wanting America To Collapse but rather individual humans wanting to shelter against risk, and I don't understand why they aren't flocking to European investments. I guess I've got to read the article, but it's the middle of my workday. But I'm darn sure going to read it... the Atlantic is awesome.
posted by crapmatic at 12:45 PM on September 30, 2008
By 1996, China amassed its first $100 billion in foreign assets, mainly held in U.S. dollars. (China considers these holdings a state secret, so all numbers come from analyses by outside experts.)
Key economic figures being state secrets troubles me greatly.
posted by infinitewindow at 12:46 PM on September 30, 2008 [3 favorites]
Why exactly is China continuing to invest in American T-bills when even my goats outside would agree that the US is nearly insolvent?
The US economy is still 4 to 5 times the size of China's, even with our banking/credit fuckup.
posted by Pollomacho at 12:52 PM on September 30, 2008
The US economy is still 4 to 5 times the size of China's, even with our banking/credit fuckup.
True, but why aren't they investing in Europe?
EU GDP - $16.6 trillion
US GDP - $13.8 trillion
posted by crapmatic at 12:54 PM on September 30, 2008
Honestly, it's hard for me to feel bad for the Chinese government. Their purchase of U.S. bonds insures that a great many Chinese will continue having jobs (with all this implies for the government's unchallenged retention of power). And besides, it's not like the Chinese aren't willing to pressure the U.S. to protect the value of their investment.
posted by longdaysjourney at 12:56 PM on September 30, 2008 [1 favorite]
I also suspect that the powers that be in the PRC have an interest in ensuring that Chinese affluence among ordinary folk does not increase at too threatening a rate. Threatening to the hegemony of the government, that is.
I don't understand why they aren't flocking to European investments
Europe has done a far better job managing trade issues, but they have some longer term fundamental problems on the horizon. They have population pyramid inversion issues, a decreasing revenue pool to pay for services for aging populations, immigration issues that have never effectively been dealt with and financial system problems of their own.
posted by psmealey at 12:59 PM on September 30, 2008
True, but why aren't they investing in Europe?
1: Who says they weren't?
2: European bonds are divided by nation still (please correct me if I'm worng) and aren't unified.
3: The EU market's investment banks are in the same credit shithole as the US's. For example: BeNeLux just dumped 11.2 billion Euro into Fortis to shore them up similar to the US bailout of AIG.
posted by Pollomacho at 1:09 PM on September 30, 2008
True, but why aren't they investing more in Europe?
One sentence in the article nets out the answer quite succinctly: "China can’t afford to stop feeding dollars to Americans, because China’s own dollar holdings would be devastated if it did. As long as that logic holds, the system works. As soon as it doesn’t, we have a big problem." And they go on to talk a little bit about various things that could lead to "a big problem."
posted by brandman at 1:20 PM on September 30, 2008 [2 favorites]
True, but why aren't they investing in Europe?
They've invested a ton of money in Africa...
posted by fearfulsymmetry at 1:27 PM on September 30, 2008 [1 favorite]
crapmatic: but surely there's not Big Chinese Man Buying All The T-Bills Not Wanting America To Collapse but rather individual humans wanting to shelter against risk
From the article:
In other major countries, the counterparts to the Shenzhen Development Bank can decide for themselves what to do with the dollars they take in. Trade them for euros or yen on the foreign-exchange market? Invest them directly in America? Issue dollar loans? Whatever they think will bring the highest return. But under China’s “surrender requirements,” Chinese banks can’t do those things. They must treat the dollars, in effect, as contraband, and turn most or all of them (instructions vary from time to time) over to China’s equivalent of the Federal Reserve Bank, the People’s Bank of China, for RMB at whatever is the official rate of exchange.
...
The PBOC must do something with that money, and current Chinese doctrine allows it only one option: to give the dollars to another arm of the central government, the State Administration for Foreign Exchange. It is then SAFE’s job to figure out where to park the dollars for the best return: so much in U.S. stocks, so much shifted to euros, and the great majority left in the boring safety of U.S. Treasury notes.
posted by Gyan at 1:28 PM on September 30, 2008
Yes. I was just going to say: crapmatic: RTFA.
Nice post afu. Well written article.
posted by beelzbubba at 1:35 PM on September 30, 2008
Also, keep in mind the article was written in January 2008. Taking into account the financial events of the past 2 months in the US, I wonder how much of what this article posits as theory accelerates or changes.
Will China now start aggressively investing elsewhere? Could that, in turn, push oil to be set in Euros? Or could China now start using that enormous wealth to purchase floundering US manufacturing companies that they couldn't before because of political pressure?
posted by seldom seen cid at 2:13 PM on September 30, 2008
I assume that they aren't interested in Europe because their resources are already sunk into the US and Africa, and trying to horn in on Europe would stretch them too thin, and the point of exporting all of this money is to have and maintain a controlling interest. China wants the US to have an insurmountable debt to China that they can use as leverage lest they call it in. As for Africa, I'd think it's the resources they're after, probably by a similar mechanism.
The flipside of this - suppressing their own economy - keeps the cost of labor insanely low. It's literally more cost effective to hire 15 guys with scissors to cut grass than to buy a lawnmower and hire one guy. Essentially free labor is what's made China's incredible growth possible. Another example: where else in the world can cities afford to let architects take risk after risk? Shanghai is a city of cranes erecting hundreds of buildings, all crazier than the next. Could they afford that without a suppressed economy and a massive class divide?
When they're ready, they'll call in their debts, already having taken control of the densest resources in the world, boosting their own economy and suppressing ours. Good plan, I'd say.
I didn't read the article, so sorry if they either said this or refuted it completely.
posted by cmoj at 2:21 PM on September 30, 2008 [1 favorite]
Why exactly are trade deficits a big deal? I've never really gotten why people are so hung up on them, I mean if The U.S. buys crap from China, and China buys Oil from Saudi Arabia, and the Saudis buy oil services from companies like Halliburton, that's not really a trade deficit, although it looks like we have a deficit with China.
Of course, as far as I know the U.S. does have a net trade deficit, but I still don't see why that's a problem. After all, if U.S. workers are more productive then the rest of the world, then we will be producing more wealth per capita. That wealth has to go somewhere, right?
Also, the idea that we are 'borrowing' money in a trade deficit is absurd. Every month I pay my landlord. Does that mean he owes me that money back? Or that I somehow owe him an amount equal to my rent? After all, there is a 'trade deficit' between the two of us.
posted by delmoi at 2:24 PM on September 30, 2008 [1 favorite]
Warren Buffet CNBC Interview
Mr. BUFFETT: Well, it won't continue if over the next five or 10 years we
run very large current account deficits. Now, exports have been doing well
lately. I mean, the country is remarkably innovative and resilient. I mean,
we are going to export 12 percent of our GDP this year, and in 1970 it was 5
percent.
QUICK: Mm-hmm.
Mr. BUFFETT: So people who think that America is not in the game are totally
wrong. But we have been importing like 17 percent of GDP. If we have that
gap and it continues, the dollar over time will get weaker. Not necessarily
next week or next month or next year, but it will get weaker over time. You
can't run persistent, huge current account deficits for decades and not have
consequences.
posted by Comrade_robot at 2:28 PM on September 30, 2008
China wants the US to have an insurmountable debt to China that they can use as leverage lest they call it in
How exactly do you think china would "call in" Their debt? I mean, they could chose not to renew their treasury notes as they expire, which would cause the interest rates to go up, making interest on the debt a higher portion of the annual budget, but beyond that what exactly do you think would happen? Americans are perfectly happy loaning m
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