However, as the federal funds rate begins to rise above the discount rate, banks would want to keep borrowing more and more at id and then lending out the proceeds in the federal funds market at the higher rate, trr The result is that the supply curve becomes flat (infinitely elastic) at id, as shown in Figure l. Market Equilibrium Market eqmlibrium occurs where the quantity of reserves demanded equals the quantity supplied, R' = Rd Equilibrium therefore occurs at the intersection of the demand curve Rd and the supply curve R' at point l, with an equilibrium federal funds rate of r[r When the federal funds rate is above the equilibrium rate at i( 1, there are more reserves supplied than demanded (excess supply) and so the federal funds rate falls to as shown by the downward arrow. When the federal funds rate is below the equilibrium rate at i }1, there are more reserves demanded than supplied (excess demand) and so the federal funds rate rises as shown by the upward arrow (Note that Figure l is drawn so that id is above i[r because the Federal Reserve now keeps the discount rate substantially above the target for the federal funds rate.)
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