Researchers have developed many microstructures of models for cement and concrete over the past years. At the level of cement paste, Jennings and Johnson [11] developed a continuum model representation, based on spherical cement (C3S) particle enveloped by hydration shells of C–S–H gel, whose thickness increases over time. Calcium hydroxide (CH) crystals were nucleated and grown in a continuum pore space. Van Breugel [12] developed a similar microstructure simulation model that is called HYMOSTRUC [13]. As with the Jennings and Johnson model [11], HYMOSTRUC uses various mass and volume balance rules to accommodate microstructural changes due to dissolution and precipitation of various phases. The computer model CEMHYRD3D was originally developed in National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) by Bentz and Garboczi [14] to represent the hydration process of Portland cement two-dimensionally. It was later enhanced into a 3-D computer model and the reaction of other cementitious materials, such as fly ash and silica fume are incorporated Bentz [15].
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