In the Lao PDR, it is listed as Threatened and At Risk (Timmins and Duckworth, 2008). In
Chonnabuly district, where it occurs in an area of 93,000 ha was formally designated as a protected
area. In Cambodia, where it was previously thought to be extinct but was recently rediscovered in the
northwestern part of the country (Owen, 2009), it is listed as a protected species. One or two small and
isolated populations have also been identified in the Lao PDR in 2002 (Johnson et al., 2004). In
Vietnam, it is listed as Endangered in the Red Data Book and is also listed in Group IB of the
(Protection) Act, 1972. After its rediscovery on the southern fringes of Loktak Lake, in Manipur, the
area was declared as a protected area (1954) and subsequently as a National Park (1977). The State
government of Manipur recognized it as the State animal in 1989. With concerted efforts, its population
is showing an increasing trend (Hussain et al., 2006).
In Myanmar, the Shwesettaw and Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuaries were established in 1986 for
conserving R. e. thamin, although a significant numbers were found outside these areas (McShea et al.,
2005; Tordoff et al., 2005). The species receives nationwide protection from hunting under the 1936
Burmese Wildlife Protection Act. It is one of the 15 species listed in the Wild Animals Preservation and
Protection Act, 1992 as National reserved species. In spite of such efforts, the species is showing a
continuous declining trend largely due to hunting and deterioration of its habitat (McShea et al., 2001).
The Royal Government of Thailand designated it as a national reserved species, and it is protected by
the Thai Wildlife Law since 1960 (Blower, 1983).
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