GE NETIC S U PPOR T O F bla TE M GEN E SOver 150 TEM b-lactamase variants have been identified so far, many of them displaying an ESBL phenotype (http://www.lahey.org/stud- ies/). All are TEM-1 or TEM-2 derivatives, and are carried by three of the earliest bacterial transposons to be identified, namely Tn1, Tn2 and Tn3 [3,4]. Tn1 and Tn3 contain transposase and resolvase genes, namely tnpA and tnpR, and a res resolution site (Fig. 1). The Tn3 class II trans- poson possesses 38-bp inverted repeats (IRs) and is able to efficiently transpose the blaTEM ampicil- lin resistance gene marker, together with resis- tance to expanded-spectrum b-lactams when the TEM determinant encodes an ESBL variant. Most of the structures surrounding the blaTEM ESBL genes derive from a common Tn3-like structure rather than from DNA segments assembled dur- ing several distinct mobilisation events [5]. These structures may have evolved significantly, as observed in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from France with the blaTEM-21 ESBL gene located in a Tn801 transposon (Tn3 derivative) disrupted byorientation [7]. The IS26 element located at the 5¢- end of blaSHV-5 was associated with the 5¢-end of a class 1 integron structure harbouring five gene cassettes, including one encoding the metallo-b- lactamase VIM-1. It is likely that the IS26 element identified downstream of blaSHV-5 was responsible for its acquisition through a homologous recom- bination, rather than a transposition event, asuggested by the absence of target site duplica-tion. A similar structure was also identified on plasmid pACM1 but, this time, the two direct repeated IS26 elements were both truncated, Fig. 1. Schematic representation of three main genetic structures of extended-spectrum b-lactamase genes acqui- sition. (a) A Tn3 transposon harbouring the blaTEM-1 gene (its inverted repeats are represented by black rectangles).(b) A class 1 integron (with its 5¢-CS and 3¢-CS conserved regions) harbouring the blaVEB-1 gene cassette (intI1, in- tegrase gene; black circle, attI recombination site; white arrows, gene cassettes; white circles, respective 59-be of gene cassettes; thin arrow, the promoter sequences pro- vided by the 5¢-CS). (c) A sul1-type integron carrying the blaCTX-M-9 gene, comprising the class 1 integron and its gene cassettes associated with the ISCR1 element (contain- ing the orf513 transposase gene) and a duplication of the qacED1 ⁄ sul1 tandem.an insertion sequence IS6100 element [6]. How- ever, it is hypothesised that the b-lactamase gene has mostly evolved into a defined genetic struc- ture, with which it is quite systematically associ- ated. The blaTEM genes have never been identified inside integron structures, probably because they are not associated with features compatible with the formation of a gene cassette. forming a defective compound transposon [8]. In several enterobacterial and P. aeruginosa iso- lates, only a single IS26 element was identified upstream of the blaSHV-like gene. Thus, as sug- gested by Ford et al. [9], it is very likely that IS26 is a key feature in acquisition of blaSHV genes, with mobilisation having occurred through at least two separate events. Like blaTEM genes, the blaSHV genes have never been identified inside integron structures.
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