Defunct Viruses or Secret Agents of Gene Transfer?How do Bacteria and Archaea acquire new and exciting characteristics that translate into the vast diversity of the microbial world? In contrast to eukaryotic organisms, several mechanisms of horizontal gene exchange occur in prokaryotes. 'This genetic exchange is the foundation for niche adaptation and plays a powerful role in evolution.One example of this genetic exchange is through gene transfer agents (GTAs)—products of an unusual host–virus interaction. GTAs are the result of microbial cells hijacking defective viruses and using them specifically for DNA exchange. GTAs resemble tiny tailed bacteriophages (photo inset) and contain random small pieces of host DNA. They are not considered true viruses because they do not contain genes encoding their own production and do not produce characteristic viral plaques.GTAs have been isolated from a myriad of prokaryotes including sulfate-reducing Bacteria and methanogenic Archaea and are particularly prevalent in marine prokaryotes. It is thus likely that GTAs are fairly widespread in nature. Microbial geneticists have determined that a subset of cells of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus produce and release GTAs during stationary phase and nutrient fluctuations.1 This was documented by linking the promoter of a gene essential for GTA production to a reporter gene encoding a red fluorescent protein; cells making GTA turned red (photo). While bacteriophages are considered the most abundant entities on Earth, the number of these that might actually be GTAs instead of viruses is unknown. GTAs may help explain the robust nature of DNA transfer between prokaryotes, especially those inhabiting the oceans. It also posits another question: Do GTAs play a role in the prevalence of other common genetic phenomena, such as bacterial antibiotic resistance?
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