The Architecture of the Marketplace

The Architecture of the Marketplace
Buildings are among the most lasting of human creations. Their forms and functions are evidence of the dynamic social life that has long been tied to centers of economic and political power. One ancient structure and gathering place, the marketplace, has evolved into what we call today the regional shopping center or mall. It is often constructed on a site so big that it requires a location outside of the crowded urban center. There it sometimes develops into a commercial rival to the older city center.
In many ways, these 21st-century malls are nothing new. In fact, they follow a long tradition of commercial expansion that began with the development of the first long-distance trade networks and markets. These markets were temporary at first, but they became more permanent with the rise of cities in the Middle East about five thousand years ago. They gresalongside the rivers, harbors, and overland caravan routes that connected the swelling towns of the agricultural era.
The population growth and economic prosperity of the agricultural society made possible the advancement of specialized craftspeople and merchants. These people met to barter, buy, or sell their merchandise in a place that was accessible, safe, and regulated. By 2000 BC, in the ancient Sumerian city of Ur (in what is now Iraq), the covered bazaar and the shop-lined street had established itself.
The traditional bazaar consists of shops in streets that can be closed off by gates at each end. This follows the historical town-planning requirement that commercial and residential areas be kept strictly apart. Though they are far from uniform., bazaars are typically divided into various sections that each specialize in a single trade or craft. In small towns, the bazaar can be as small as a single covered street, while in large cities it can be a vast area filled with mazelike passageways. The Grand Bazaar of Tehran is ten kilometers long, while the one in Istanbul, dating from the 15th century has more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Historically, as in Modern times. the bazaar was a source of tax revenue for the government. In return, the government provided the bazaars with a system of internal security and justice.
In the Greek cities of the 5th century BC, the marketplace was the agora. The historian Lewis Mumford describes the agora as an open-air "place of assembly ... where the interchange of news and opinion played almost as :important a part as the interchange of goods." The agora was also a place for seasonal festivals and sports such as horse racing. The expansion of the agora in both physical size and variety of traded goods reflected the shift in the Greek economy from neighborly rural trading to long-distance multicultural exchange. The descendants of the agora are the piazzas and plazas in both Europe and the Americas.
One of the most appealing variations on the model of the ancient marketplace was the European arcade that appeared in the 18th century. An arcade was typically a covered set of city streets similar to the bazaar, but it retained some of the openness of the agora through the use of vaulted, or arched, skylights. One of the first arcades was the Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, Russia, built between 1757 and 1785.It has an open floor that so simulates the Italian piazza but is covered by a glass roof that imitates the openness of the agora even during cold Russian winters. The Gostiny Dvor remains one of the finest shopping centers in Northern Europe.
In Southern Europe, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, named after the first king of united Italy, opened in Milan in 1857. Vaulted iron and glass ceilings provide both shelter and light for shopping in the middle of a dense city.
A young Viennese architect named Victor Gruen was among the many visitors who were favorably impressed by the Galleria. In the 1950s, Gruen was commissioned to design a regional shopping mall in the state of Minnesota in the northern United States. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II served as the starting concept for his mall design.
The cold weather in Minnesota posed a special challenge to shopper comfort. Gruen's approach was to enclose the whole building. The mall was built away from big cities and was accessible mainly by automobile, so it required a sea of automobile parking spaces outside. The result, called Southdale, was a spacious suburban destination. It attempted to retain the inviting festivity of the agora, the energy of the bazaar. And the lightness of the arcade. It included enhanced climate control, easy access. and range of other inviting conveniences and attractions. Southdale soon became the archetype for The modern mall.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Kiến trúc của thị trườngTòa nhà là một trong lâu dài nhất của con người sáng tạo. Hình thức và chức năng của họ là bằng chứng về cuộc sống xã hội năng động lâu được gắn với các trung tâm quyền lực chính trị và kinh tế. Một cấu trúc cổ đại và thu thập các nơi, trên thị trường, đã phát triển thành những gì chúng tôi gọi là vào ngày hôm nay khu vực trung tâm mua sắm hay mall. Nó thường được xây dựng trên một trang web lớn như vậy mà nó đòi hỏi một vị trí bên ngoài Trung tâm đô thị đông đúc. Có, nó đôi khi phát triển thành một đối thủ thương mại Trung tâm thành phố lớn.Trong nhiều cách, các trung tâm mua sắm thế kỷ 21 là không có gì mới. Trong thực tế, họ làm theo một truyền thống lâu đời của việc mở rộng thương mại bắt đầu với sự phát triển của các mạng lưới thương mại đường dài đầu tiên và thị trường. Các thị trường này đã tạm thời lúc đầu, nhưng họ đã trở thành lâu dài hơn với sự nổi lên của các thành phố ở trung đông khoảng 5.000 năm trước. Họ gresalongside sông, bến cảng và đường bộ caravan các tuyến đường kết nối các thị trấn sưng của thời đại nông nghiệp. Tăng trưởng dân số và sự thịnh vượng kinh tế xã hội nông nghiệp có thể thực hiện tiến bộ của công đặc biệt và các thương gia. Những người này gặp nhau để trao đổi, mua hoặc bán hàng hóa của họ ở một nơi mà có thể truy cập, Két an toàn, và quy định. Năm 2000 TCN, tại thành phố Sumer cổ của bạn (trong những gì bây giờ là Iraq), các chợ được bảo hiểm và lót bằng cửa hàng đường phố đã thành lập chính nó. The traditional bazaar consists of shops in streets that can be closed off by gates at each end. This follows the historical town-planning requirement that commercial and residential areas be kept strictly apart. Though they are far from uniform., bazaars are typically divided into various sections that each specialize in a single trade or craft. In small towns, the bazaar can be as small as a single covered street, while in large cities it can be a vast area filled with mazelike passageways. The Grand Bazaar of Tehran is ten kilometers long, while the one in Istanbul, dating from the 15th century has more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Historically, as in Modern times. the bazaar was a source of tax revenue for the government. In return, the government provided the bazaars with a system of internal security and justice. In the Greek cities of the 5th century BC, the marketplace was the agora. The historian Lewis Mumford describes the agora as an open-air "place of assembly ... where the interchange of news and opinion played almost as :important a part as the interchange of goods." The agora was also a place for seasonal festivals and sports such as horse racing. The expansion of the agora in both physical size and variety of traded goods reflected the shift in the Greek economy from neighborly rural trading to long-distance multicultural exchange. The descendants of the agora are the piazzas and plazas in both Europe and the Americas. One of the most appealing variations on the model of the ancient marketplace was the European arcade that appeared in the 18th century. An arcade was typically a covered set of city streets similar to the bazaar, but it retained some of the openness of the agora through the use of vaulted, or arched, skylights. One of the first arcades was the Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, Russia, built between 1757 and 1785.It has an open floor that so simulates the Italian piazza but is covered by a glass roof that imitates the openness of the agora even during cold Russian winters. The Gostiny Dvor remains one of the finest shopping centers in Northern Europe.
In Southern Europe, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, named after the first king of united Italy, opened in Milan in 1857. Vaulted iron and glass ceilings provide both shelter and light for shopping in the middle of a dense city.
A young Viennese architect named Victor Gruen was among the many visitors who were favorably impressed by the Galleria. In the 1950s, Gruen was commissioned to design a regional shopping mall in the state of Minnesota in the northern United States. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II served as the starting concept for his mall design.
The cold weather in Minnesota posed a special challenge to shopper comfort. Gruen's approach was to enclose the whole building. The mall was built away from big cities and was accessible mainly by automobile, so it required a sea of automobile parking spaces outside. The result, called Southdale, was a spacious suburban destination. It attempted to retain the inviting festivity of the agora, the energy of the bazaar. And the lightness of the arcade. It included enhanced climate control, easy access. and range of other inviting conveniences and attractions. Southdale soon became the archetype for The modern mall.