4.3 WIRELESS PROPAGATIONA signal radiated from an antenna travels along one of three routes: ground wave, sky wave, or line of sight (LOS). Table 4.7 shows in which frequency range each pre-dominates. In this book, we are almost exclusively concerned with LOS communica-tion, but a short overview of each mode is given in this section.Ground Wave PropagationGround wave propagation (Figure 4.8a) more or less follows the contour of the earth and can propagate considerable distances, well over the visual horizon. This effect is found in frequencies up to about 2 MHz. Several factors account for the tendency of electromagnetic wave in this frequency band to follow the earth’s curvature. One fac-tor is that the electromagnetic wave induces a current in the earth’s surface, the result of which is to slow the wavefront near the earth, causing the wavefront to tilt down-ward and hence follow the earth’s curvature. Another factor is diffraction, which is a phenomenon having to do with the behavior of electromagnetic waves in the pres-ence of obstacles. Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range are scattered by the atmosphere in such a way that they do not penetrate the upper atmosphere.The best-known example of ground wave communication is AM radio.Sky Wave PropagationSky wave propagation is used for amateur radio, CB radio, and international broad-casts such as BBC and Voice of America. With sky wave propagation, a signal from an earth-based antenna is reflected from the ionized layer of the upper atmosphere (ionosphere) back down to earth. Although it appears the wave is reflected from the ionosphere as if the ionosphere were a hard reflecting surface, the effect is in fact caused by refraction. Refraction is described subsequently.A sky wave signal can travel through a number of hops, bouncing back and forth between the ionosphere and the earth’s surface (Figure 4.8b). With this propa-gation mode, a signal can be picked up thousands of kilometers from the transmitter.Line-of-Sight Propagation Above 30 MHz, neither ground wave nor sky wave propagation modes operate, and communication must be by line of sight (Figure 4.8c). For satellite communication, a signal above 30 MHz is not reflected by the ionosphere and therefore a signal can be 126 Table 4.7 Frequency BandsDải tần Dải tần số Phạm vi Bước sóng không gian truyền Đặc điểm sự truyền tải Dùng điển hình (dùng trên) ELF ( vô cùng thấp) 30 to 300 Hz 10,000 to 1000 km GW lưới điện tần số ; được sử dụng bởi một số tần số hệ thống điều khiển nhà. VF ( tần số thoại ) 300 to 3000 Hz 1000 to 100 km GW được sử dụng bởi hệ thống điện thoại cho đường dây thuê bao tương tự.
VLF ( tần số rất thấp ) 3 to 30 kHz 100 to 10 km GW; low attenuation day and night; Long-range navigation; submarine
high atmospheric noise level communication
LF (low frequency) 30 to 300 kHz 10 to 1 km GW; slightly less reliable than VLF; Long-range navigation; marine
absorption in daytime communication radio beacons
MF (medium frequency) 300 to 3000 kHz 1,000 to 100 m GW and night SW; attenuation low at Maritime radio; direction finding;
night, high in day; atmospheric noise AM broadcasting.
HF (high frequency) 3 to 30 MHz 100 to 10 m SW; quality varies with time of day, Amateur radio; international
season, and frequency. broadcasting, military communication;
long-distance aircraft and ship
communication
VHF (very high frequency) 30 to 300 MHz 10 to 1 m LOS; scattering because of VHF television; FM broadcast and
temperature inversion; cosmic noise two-way radio, AM aircraft
communication; aircraft navigational
aids
UHF (ultra high frequency) 300 to 3000 MHz 100 to 10 cm LOS; cosmic noise UHF television; cellular telephone;
radar; microwave links; personal
communications systems
SHF (super high frequency) 3 to 30 GHz 10 to 1 cm LOS; rainfall attenuation above Satellite communication; radar;
10 GHz; atmospheric attenuation due terrestrial microwave links; wireless
to oxygen and water vapor local loop
EHF (extremely high 30 to 300 GHz 10 to 1 mm LOS; atmospheric attenuation due to Experimental; wireless local loop
frequency) oxygen and water vapor
Infrared 300 GHz to 400 THz 1 mm to 770 nm LOS Infrared LANs; consumer electronic
applications
Visible light 400 THz to 900 THz 770 nm to 330 nm LOS Optical communication
4.3 / WIRELESS PROPAGATION 127
Sự truyền tín hiệu
Ăng - ten phát Trái đất Ăng ten
thu
(a) sự truyền sóng vô tuyến thẳng từ nơi phát đén nơi thu (dưới 2 MHz)
Tầng điện ly
Transmit
antenna
Signalpropagation
Earth Receive
antenna
(b) truyền sóng trên không (2 đến 30 MHz)
Sự truyền tín hiệu
Transmit Earth Receive
antenna antenna
(c) truyền theo tầm nhìn
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
