Equation (13) is the fundamental equation relating ownership structure to voting premium. In order to test this relationship, I also include some specific characteristics of the two classes of stocks. To control for differences in dividends paid to the two classes, I construct a dummy variable DIV equal to one for those company-years in which inferior voting shares received a larger dividend. In addition, I take into account that certain companies allow superior voting shares to be converted into inferior voting shares. This conversion right is potentially valuable when the inferior voting shares may pay an additional dividend. The variable CONV is a dummy variable that takes a value of one in every company-year in which the superior voting share is convertible into an inferior voting share at the holder's will, and zero otherwise. Therefore, I obtain the following empirical specification:
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