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Erwin Schrodinger: Quantum PhysicsS
Erwin Schrodinger: Quantum Physics
Schrodinger Wave Equation describes Real Standing Waves of Matter in Physical Space
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin SchrodingerLet me say at the outset, that in this discourse, I am opposing not a few special statements of quantum mechanics held today (1950s), I am opposing as it were the whole of it, I am opposing its basic views that have been shaped 25 years ago, when Max Born put forward his probability interpretation, which was accepted by almost everybody. (Schrödinger E, The Interpretation of Quantum Physics. Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge, CN, 1995).
Erwin Schrodinger discovered that when frequency f and de Broglie wavelength y were substituted into general wave equations it becomes possible to express energy E and momentum mv as wave functions - thus a confined particle (e.g. an electron in an atom/molecule) with known energy and momentum functions could be described with a certain wave function.
From this it was further found that only certain frequency wave functions, like frequencies on musical strings, were allowed to exist. These allowed functions and their frequencies depended on the confining structure (atom or molecule) that the electron was bound to (analogous to how strings are bound to a violin, and only then can they resonate at certain frequencies).
Significantly, these allowed frequencies corresponded to the observed discrete frequencies of light emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in atoms/molecules. This further confirmed the standing wave properties of matter, and that only certain standing wave frequencies could exist which corresponded to certain energy states.
As Albert Einstein explains;
How can one assign a discrete succession of energy values E to a system specified in the sense of classical mechanics (the energy function is a given function of the co-ordinates x and the corresponding momenta mv)? Planck's constant h relates the frequency f =E/h to the energy values E. It is therefore sufficient to assign to the system a succession of discrete frequency f values. This reminds us of the fact that in acoustics a series of discrete frequency values is coordinated to a linear partial differential equation (for given boundary conditions) namely the sinusoidal periodic solutions. In corresponding manner, Schrodinger set himself the task of coordinating a partial differential equation for a scalar wave function to the given energy function E (x, mv), where the position x and time t are independent variables. (Albert Einstein, 1954)
And here we have a final piece of the puzzle in a sense, for it was Schrodinger who discovered that the standing waves are scalar waves rather than vector electromagnetic waves. This is an important difference, vector electromagnetic waves are mathematical waves which describe a direction (vector) of force, whereas the wave Motions of Space are scalar waves which are simply described by their wave-amplitude.
With de Broglie's introduction of the concept of standing waves to explain the discrete energy states of atoms and molecules, and the introduction of scalar waves by Schrodinger, they had intuitively grasped important truths of, as Einstein confirms;
Quantum Theory: Albert EinsteinThe de Broglie-Schrodinger method, which has in a certain sense the character of a field theory, does indeed deduce the existence of only discrete states, in surprising agreement with empirical facts. It does so on the basis of differential equations applying a kind of resonance argument. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Quantum Physics: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle & Born's 'Probability Waves' (1928)
Werner Heisenberg: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle of Quantum TheoryAt the same time that the wave properties of matter were discovered, two further discoveries were made that also profoundly influenced (and confused) the future evolution of modern physics.
Firstly, Werner Heisenberg developed the uncertainty principle which tells us that we (the observer) can never exactly know both the position and momentum of a particle. As every observation requires an energy exchange (photon) to create the observed 'data', some energy (wave) state of the observed object has to be altered. Thus the observation has a discrete effect on what we measure, limiting how precisely we can determine both the position and momentum of the particle.
Max Born (1928) was the first to discover (by chance and with no theoretical foundation) that the square of the quantum wave equations (which is actually the mass-energy density of space) could be used to predict the probability of where the particle would be found. Since it was impossible for both the waves and the particles to be real entities, it became customary to regard the waves as unreal 'probability waves' and to maintain the belief in the 'real' particle.
Unfortunately this maintained the belief in the particle/wave duality, in a new form where the 'quantum' scalar waves had become 'probability waves' for the 'real' particle. Albert Einstein agreed with this probability wave interpretation, as he believed in continuous force fields (not in waves or particles) thus to him it was sensible that the waves were not real, and were mere descriptions of probabilities.
Quantum Physics: Albert EinsteinIt seems to be clear, therefore, that Born's statistical interpretation of quantum physics is the only possible one. The wave function does not in any way describe a state which could be that of a single system; it relates rather to many systems, to an 'ensemble of systems' in the sense of statistical mechanics. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Albert Einstein was correct to realise that matter is not a discrete 'particle' but is spherically spatially extended. His error was to represent matter as a continuous spherical force field rather than a Spherical Standing Wave (a subtle but profound difference). Thus it is true that matter is intimately interconnected to all the other matter in the universe (by the spherical In and Out-waves). It is this lack of knowledge of the system as a whole that is the ultimate cause of the uncertainty and resultant probability inherent in Quantum Physics.
Quantum Mechanics: Albert EinsteinThus the last and most successful creation of theoretical physics, namely quantum mechanics (QM), differs fundamentally from both Newton's mechanics, and Maxwell's e-m field. For the quantities which figure in Quantum Physics' laws make no claim to describe physical reality itself, but only probabilities of the occurrence of a physical reality that we have in view.
… I cannot but confess that I attach only a transitory importance to this interpretation. I still believe in the possibility of a model of reality - that is to say, of a theory which represents things themselves and not merely the probability of their occurrence. On the other hand, it seems to me certain that we must give up the idea of complete localization of the particle in a theoretical model. This seems to me the permanent upshot of Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Albert Einstein believed that Reality was not founded on chance (as Bohr and Heisenberg argued) but on necessary connections between things (thus his comment 'God does not play dice.'). He was largely correct, matter is necessarily connected due to the Spherical Standing Wave Structure of Matter, but due to lack of knowledge of the system as a whole (the universe), this then gives rise to the chance and uncertainty found in Quantum Theory.
It is also true that we must give up the idea of complete localization and knowledge of the 'particle', which is merely a mathematical concept and is caused by the wave-center of the Spherical Standing Wave.
Remarkably, Stephen Hawking was very close to the truth when he wrote;
(Stephen Hawking, 1988) 'But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability.'But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability. (Stephen Hawking, 1988)
Read more on the Wave Structure of Matter as a simple solution to the problems of Quantum Physics, Relativity, and Cosmology.
Introduction - Erwin Schrodinger Wave Equations - Schrodinger Quotes - Biography Erwin Schrodinger - Top of Page
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin Schrodinger Quotes Quantum Physics: Erwin Schrodinger Quotes
The scientist only imposes two things, namely truth and sincerity, imposes them upon himself and upon other scientists. (Schrodinger)
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin SchrodingerThe world is given to me only once, not one existing and one perceived. Subject and object are only one. The barrier between them cannot be said to have broken down as a result of recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist.
(Erwin Schrodinger)
There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. (Erwin Schrodinger)
Men and women for whom this world was lit in an unusually bright light of awareness, and who by life and word have, more than others, formed and transformed that work of art which we call humanity, testify by speech and writing or even by their very lives that more than others have they been torn by the pangs of inner discord. Let this be a consolation to him who also suffers from it. Without it nothing enduring has ever been begotten. (Erwin Schrodinger)
For a solitary animal egoism is a virtue that tends to preserve and improve the species: in any kind of community it becomes a destructive vice. An animal that embarks on forming states without greatly restricting ego
Schrodinger Wave Equation describes Real Standing Waves of Matter in Physical Space
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin SchrodingerLet me say at the outset, that in this discourse, I am opposing not a few special statements of quantum mechanics held today (1950s), I am opposing as it were the whole of it, I am opposing its basic views that have been shaped 25 years ago, when Max Born put forward his probability interpretation, which was accepted by almost everybody. (Schrödinger E, The Interpretation of Quantum Physics. Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge, CN, 1995).
Erwin Schrodinger discovered that when frequency f and de Broglie wavelength y were substituted into general wave equations it becomes possible to express energy E and momentum mv as wave functions - thus a confined particle (e.g. an electron in an atom/molecule) with known energy and momentum functions could be described with a certain wave function.
From this it was further found that only certain frequency wave functions, like frequencies on musical strings, were allowed to exist. These allowed functions and their frequencies depended on the confining structure (atom or molecule) that the electron was bound to (analogous to how strings are bound to a violin, and only then can they resonate at certain frequencies).
Significantly, these allowed frequencies corresponded to the observed discrete frequencies of light emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in atoms/molecules. This further confirmed the standing wave properties of matter, and that only certain standing wave frequencies could exist which corresponded to certain energy states.
As Albert Einstein explains;
How can one assign a discrete succession of energy values E to a system specified in the sense of classical mechanics (the energy function is a given function of the co-ordinates x and the corresponding momenta mv)? Planck's constant h relates the frequency f =E/h to the energy values E. It is therefore sufficient to assign to the system a succession of discrete frequency f values. This reminds us of the fact that in acoustics a series of discrete frequency values is coordinated to a linear partial differential equation (for given boundary conditions) namely the sinusoidal periodic solutions. In corresponding manner, Schrodinger set himself the task of coordinating a partial differential equation for a scalar wave function to the given energy function E (x, mv), where the position x and time t are independent variables. (Albert Einstein, 1954)
And here we have a final piece of the puzzle in a sense, for it was Schrodinger who discovered that the standing waves are scalar waves rather than vector electromagnetic waves. This is an important difference, vector electromagnetic waves are mathematical waves which describe a direction (vector) of force, whereas the wave Motions of Space are scalar waves which are simply described by their wave-amplitude.
With de Broglie's introduction of the concept of standing waves to explain the discrete energy states of atoms and molecules, and the introduction of scalar waves by Schrodinger, they had intuitively grasped important truths of, as Einstein confirms;
Quantum Theory: Albert EinsteinThe de Broglie-Schrodinger method, which has in a certain sense the character of a field theory, does indeed deduce the existence of only discrete states, in surprising agreement with empirical facts. It does so on the basis of differential equations applying a kind of resonance argument. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Quantum Physics: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle & Born's 'Probability Waves' (1928)
Werner Heisenberg: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle of Quantum TheoryAt the same time that the wave properties of matter were discovered, two further discoveries were made that also profoundly influenced (and confused) the future evolution of modern physics.
Firstly, Werner Heisenberg developed the uncertainty principle which tells us that we (the observer) can never exactly know both the position and momentum of a particle. As every observation requires an energy exchange (photon) to create the observed 'data', some energy (wave) state of the observed object has to be altered. Thus the observation has a discrete effect on what we measure, limiting how precisely we can determine both the position and momentum of the particle.
Max Born (1928) was the first to discover (by chance and with no theoretical foundation) that the square of the quantum wave equations (which is actually the mass-energy density of space) could be used to predict the probability of where the particle would be found. Since it was impossible for both the waves and the particles to be real entities, it became customary to regard the waves as unreal 'probability waves' and to maintain the belief in the 'real' particle.
Unfortunately this maintained the belief in the particle/wave duality, in a new form where the 'quantum' scalar waves had become 'probability waves' for the 'real' particle. Albert Einstein agreed with this probability wave interpretation, as he believed in continuous force fields (not in waves or particles) thus to him it was sensible that the waves were not real, and were mere descriptions of probabilities.
Quantum Physics: Albert EinsteinIt seems to be clear, therefore, that Born's statistical interpretation of quantum physics is the only possible one. The wave function does not in any way describe a state which could be that of a single system; it relates rather to many systems, to an 'ensemble of systems' in the sense of statistical mechanics. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Albert Einstein was correct to realise that matter is not a discrete 'particle' but is spherically spatially extended. His error was to represent matter as a continuous spherical force field rather than a Spherical Standing Wave (a subtle but profound difference). Thus it is true that matter is intimately interconnected to all the other matter in the universe (by the spherical In and Out-waves). It is this lack of knowledge of the system as a whole that is the ultimate cause of the uncertainty and resultant probability inherent in Quantum Physics.
Quantum Mechanics: Albert EinsteinThus the last and most successful creation of theoretical physics, namely quantum mechanics (QM), differs fundamentally from both Newton's mechanics, and Maxwell's e-m field. For the quantities which figure in Quantum Physics' laws make no claim to describe physical reality itself, but only probabilities of the occurrence of a physical reality that we have in view.
… I cannot but confess that I attach only a transitory importance to this interpretation. I still believe in the possibility of a model of reality - that is to say, of a theory which represents things themselves and not merely the probability of their occurrence. On the other hand, it seems to me certain that we must give up the idea of complete localization of the particle in a theoretical model. This seems to me the permanent upshot of Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Albert Einstein believed that Reality was not founded on chance (as Bohr and Heisenberg argued) but on necessary connections between things (thus his comment 'God does not play dice.'). He was largely correct, matter is necessarily connected due to the Spherical Standing Wave Structure of Matter, but due to lack of knowledge of the system as a whole (the universe), this then gives rise to the chance and uncertainty found in Quantum Theory.
It is also true that we must give up the idea of complete localization and knowledge of the 'particle', which is merely a mathematical concept and is caused by the wave-center of the Spherical Standing Wave.
Remarkably, Stephen Hawking was very close to the truth when he wrote;
(Stephen Hawking, 1988) 'But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability.'But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability. (Stephen Hawking, 1988)
Read more on the Wave Structure of Matter as a simple solution to the problems of Quantum Physics, Relativity, and Cosmology.
Introduction - Erwin Schrodinger Wave Equations - Schrodinger Quotes - Biography Erwin Schrodinger - Top of Page
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin Schrodinger Quotes Quantum Physics: Erwin Schrodinger Quotes
The scientist only imposes two things, namely truth and sincerity, imposes them upon himself and upon other scientists. (Schrodinger)
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin SchrodingerThe world is given to me only once, not one existing and one perceived. Subject and object are only one. The barrier between them cannot be said to have broken down as a result of recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist.
(Erwin Schrodinger)
There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. (Erwin Schrodinger)
Men and women for whom this world was lit in an unusually bright light of awareness, and who by life and word have, more than others, formed and transformed that work of art which we call humanity, testify by speech and writing or even by their very lives that more than others have they been torn by the pangs of inner discord. Let this be a consolation to him who also suffers from it. Without it nothing enduring has ever been begotten. (Erwin Schrodinger)
For a solitary animal egoism is a virtue that tends to preserve and improve the species: in any kind of community it becomes a destructive vice. An animal that embarks on forming states without greatly restricting ego
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Erwin Schrödinger: Vật lý lượng tửPhương trình Schrödinger sóng mô tả thực sự đứng sóng vật chất trong không gian vật lýCơ học lượng tử: Erwin SchrodingerLet tôi nói tại Campuchia, trong discourse này, tôi đang đối diện không phải là một vài điều khoản đặc biệt của cơ học lượng tử được tổ chức vào ngày hôm qua (thập niên 1950), tôi đang đối diện như nó đã được toàn bộ của nó, tôi đối diện của nó views cơ bản đã được hình thành 25 năm trước đây, khi Max Born đưa ra giải thích xác suất của mình, mà đã được chấp nhận bởi hầu như tất cả mọi người. (Schrödinger E, việc giải thích của vật lý lượng tử. Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge, CN, 1995).Erwin Schrodinger phát hiện ra rằng khi tần số f và de Broglie bước sóng y đã được thay thế vào phương trình sóng chung nó trở thành có thể để nhận năng lượng E và Đà mv là hàm sóng - do đó một hạt bị giới hạn (ví dụ như một điện tử trong một nguyên tử/phân tử) với chức năng năng lượng và động lượng được biết đến có thể được mô tả với một hàm sóng nhất định. Từ đây nó tiếp tục được tìm thấy rằng chỉ nhất định tần số sóng có chức năng, giống như các tần số trên dây âm nhạc, đã được cho phép để tồn tại. Chúng cho phép chức năng và tần số của họ phụ thuộc vào cấu trúc nhốt (nguyên tử hay phân tử) electron bị ràng buộc để (tương tự như cách dây bị ràng buộc để một violon, và chỉ sau đó có thể họ cộng hưởng tần số nhất định). Đáng kể, chúng cho phép tần số tương ứng với các tần số rời rạc quan sát ánh sáng phát ra và hấp thụ bởi electron ràng buộc trong nguyên tử/phân tử. Điều này tiếp tục khẳng định các thuộc tính đứng wave của vấn đề, và rằng chỉ nhất định tần số đứng sóng có thể tồn tại mà trao đổi thư từ nhất định kỳ năng lượng.Như Albert Einstein giải thích;Làm thế nào một có thể gán một chuỗi giá trị năng lượng E rời rạc để một hệ thống được chỉ định trong cảm giác của cơ học cổ điển (chức năng lượng là một chức năng nhất định của hợp đồng x và mv động tương ứng)? Planck của hằng số h liên quan tần số f = E/h với các giá trị năng lượng E. Do đó là đủ để gán cho hệ thống một thừa kế của rời rạc tần số f giá trị. Điều này nhắc nhở chúng ta về một thực tế rằng trong âm thanh một loạt các giá trị rời rạc tần số được phối hợp một phương trình vi phân riêng phần tuyến tính (cho đưa ra điều kiện biên) cụ thể là các giải pháp định kỳ Sin. Trong cách tương ứng, Schrödinger đặt mình nhiệm vụ phối hợp một phần phương trình vi phân cho một chức năng làn sóng vô hướng đến các chức năng nhất định năng lượng E (x, mv), nơi mà vị trí x và thời gian t là biến độc lập. (Albert Einstein, 1954)Và ở đây chúng tôi có một mảnh cuối cùng của câu đố trong một ý nghĩa, cho nó là Schrödinger đã khám phá ra rằng sóng đứng sóng vô hướng hơn là vectơ sóng điện từ. Đây là một khác biệt quan trọng, vectơ sóng điện từ có sóng toán học mà miêu tả một hướng (véc tơ) của lực lượng, trong khi chuyển động không gian làn sóng vô hướng sóng chỉ đơn giản là được mô tả bởi của biên độ sóng. Với giới thiệu khái niệm về sóng đứng để giải thích các nguyên tử và phân tử năng lượng rời rạc bang de Broglie, và sự ra đời của các làn sóng vô hướng bởi Schrödinger, họ trực giác đã nắm các sự thật quan trọng, như Einstein xác nhận;Lý thuyết lượng tử: Phương pháp Albert EinsteinThe de Broglie-Schrödinger, đã theo một nghĩa nào đó các ký tự của một lý thuyết trường, quả thật vậy suy ra sự tồn tại của chỉ rời rạc Kỳ, trong thỏa thuận đáng ngạc nhiên với các dữ kiện thực nghiệm. Nó như vậy trên cơ sở của phương trình vi phân được áp dụng một loại đối số cộng hưởng. (Albert Einstein, vào vật lý lượng tử, 1954)Vật lý lượng tử: Nguyên lý bất định Heisenberg của & sinh của 'Xác suất sóng' (1928)Werner Heisenberg: trường đại học của Heisenberg nguyên lý bất định của lượng tử TheoryAt cùng một lúc mà các thuộc tính làn sóng của vật chất được phát hiện, được phát hiện thêm hai đã được thực hiện mà cũng sâu sắc chịu ảnh hưởng (và nhầm lẫn) sự tiến triển trong tương lai của vật lý hiện đại. Trước hết, Werner Heisenberg phát triển nguyên tắc không chắc chắn mà cho chúng ta biết rằng chúng tôi (người quan sát) có thể không bao giờ biết chính xác vị trí và đà của một hạt. Như quan sát mỗi yêu cầu một cuộc trao đổi năng lượng (photon) để tạo ra quan sát 'dữ liệu', một số đối tượng quan sát năng lượng (sóng) bang đã được thay đổi. Do đó các quan sát có hiệu ứng rời rạc trên những gì chúng tôi đo lường, hạn chế chính xác làm thế nào chúng tôi có thể xác định vị trí và đà của hạt.Max Born (1928) là người đầu tiên khám phá (bởi cơ hội và không có nền tảng lý thuyết) có quảng trường phương trình sóng lượng tử (đó là thực sự là mật độ khối lượng-năng lượng không gian) có thể được sử dụng để dự đoán xác suất của nơi các hạt sẽ được tìm thấy. Kể từ khi nó đã không thể cho cả những con sóng và các hạt để là thực sự thực thể, nó đã trở thành phong tục quan tâm những con sóng như unreal 'xác suất sóng' và duy trì niềm tin vào các hạt 'thực tế'. Thật không may, điều này duy trì niềm tin ở duality hạt/làn sóng, trong một hình thức mới, nơi những con sóng vô hướng 'lượng tử' đã trở thành 'xác suất sóng' cho hạt 'thực tế'. Albert Einstein đã đồng ý với điều này giải thích làn sóng xác suất, như ông tin tưởng trong lĩnh vực lực lượng liên tục (không phải trong sóng hoặc hạt) do đó với anh ta, nó đã được hợp lý rằng những con sóng đã không thực sự, và đã chỉ mô tả của xác suất.Vật lý lượng tử: Albert EinsteinIt có vẻ là rõ ràng, do đó, giải thích thống kê của Born của vật lý lượng tử là người duy nhất có thể. Hàm sóng không theo bất kỳ cách mô tả một nhà nước mà có thể là một hệ thống duy nhất; nó liên quan là để nhiều hệ thống, để một 'toàn bộ hệ thống' trong ý nghĩa của cơ học thống kê. (Albert Einstein, vào vật lý lượng tử, 1954)Albert Einstein đã được chính xác để nhận ra rằng vấn đề không phải là một 'hạt rời rạc' nhưng cầu trong không gian mở rộng. Lỗi của ông đã là đại diện cho vấn đề như là một hình cầu liên tục quân trường chứ không phải là một làn sóng đứng hình cầu (một khác biệt tinh tế, nhưng sâu sắc). Do đó nó là đúng rằng vấn đề là mật thiết kết nối đến tất cả vấn đề khác trong vũ trụ (bởi hình cầu trong và ngoài sóng). Nó là sự thiếu kiến thức về hệ thống như một toàn thể là nguyên nhân cuối cùng của sự không chắc chắn và kết quả khả năng vốn có trong vật lý lượng tử.Cơ học lượng tử: Albert EinsteinThus việc tạo ra cuối và thành công nhất của vật lý lý thuyết, cụ thể là cơ học lượng tử (QM), khác nhau về cơ bản từ cơ học của Newton và Maxwell e-m lĩnh vực. Cho số lượng nhân vật trong vật lý lượng tử luật làm cho không có yêu cầu bồi thường để mô tả thực tế vật lý riêng của mình, nhưng chỉ xác suất của sự xuất hiện của một thực tế vật lý mà chúng tôi có trong xem. … Tôi không thể nhưng thú nhận rằng tôi đính kèm chỉ là một tầm quan trọng tạm thời để giải thích này. Tôi vẫn tin vào khả năng của một mô hình thực tế - đó là để nói, một lý thuyết đại diện cho những điều mình và không chỉ đơn thuần là xác suất của sự xuất hiện của họ. Mặt khác, có vẻ như với tôi nhất định rằng chúng tôi phải từ bỏ ý tưởng về nội địa hóa hoàn chỉnh của các hạt trong một mô hình lý thuyết. Điều này có vẻ với tôi upshot nguyên tắc không chắc chắn của Heisenberg, vĩnh viễn. (Albert Einstein, vào vật lý lượng tử, 1954)Albert Einstein tin rằng thực tế không được thành lập ngày có thể có (như Bohr và Heisenberg đã cho rằng) nhưng trên các kết nối cần thiết giữa những thứ (do đó bình luận của ông 'Thiên Chúa không chơi dice.'). Ông là chủ yếu là chính xác, vấn đề là nhất thiết phải kết nối do các cầu đứng sóng cấu trúc của vấn đề, nhưng do thiếu kiến thức về hệ thống như một toàn thể (vũ trụ), điều này sau đó cho phép tăng cơ hội và sự không chắc chắn tìm thấy trong cơ học lượng tử. Đó cũng là sự thật rằng chúng ta phải từ bỏ ý tưởng về nội địa hóa hoàn chỉnh và kiến thức của 'hạt', mà chỉ đơn thuần là một khái niệm toán học và được gây ra bởi sóng trung tâm của làn sóng đứng hình cầu.Đáng chú ý, Stephen Hawking đã rất gần với sự thật khi ông viết;(Stephen Hawking, 1988) ' Nhưng có lẽ đó là sai lầm của chúng tôi: có lẽ không có không có hạt vị trí và vận tốc, nhưng chỉ sóng. Nó chỉ là chúng tôi cố gắng để phù hợp với những con sóng đến của chúng tôi những ý tưởng preconceived của vị trí và vận tốc. Không phù hợp kết quả là nguyên nhân rõ ràng unpredictability.' nhưng có lẽ đó là sai lầm của chúng tôi: có lẽ không có không có hạt vị trí và vận tốc, nhưng chỉ sóng. Nó chỉ là chúng tôi cố gắng để phù hợp với những con sóng đến của chúng tôi những ý tưởng preconceived của vị trí và vận tốc. Không phù hợp kết quả là nguyên nhân gây ra các unpredictability rõ ràng. (Stephen Hawking, 1988)Tìm hiểu thêm về cấu trúc vấn đề sóng như là một giải pháp đơn giản cho các vấn đề của vật lý lượng tử, thuyết tương đối và vũ trụ học.Giới thiệu - phương trình sóng của Erwin Schrödinger - Schrödinger dấu ngoặc kép - tiểu sử Erwin Schrödinger - đầu trangCơ học lượng tử: Erwin Schrödinger báo giá vật lý lượng tử: Erwin Schrödinger báo giáCác nhà khoa học chỉ áp đặt hai điều, cụ thể là sự thật và chân thành, áp đặt chúng khi mình và khi các nhà khoa học khác. (Schrödinger)Cơ học lượng tử: Erwin SchrodingerThe thế giới được đưa ra với tôi chỉ một lần, không một tồn tại và một cảm nhận. Chủ đề và đối tượng là chỉ có một. Các rào cản giữa chúng không thể nói đến đã phá vỡ là kết quả của các kinh nghiệm gần đây trong vật lý, cho hàng rào này không tồn tại. (Erwin Schrödinger)Không có gì hoặc là tốt hay xấu, nhưng suy nghĩ làm cho nó như vậy. (Erwin Schrödinger)Người đàn ông và phụ nữ cho người mà thế giới này đã được thắp sáng trong một ánh sáng bất thường tươi sáng của nhận thức, và những người của cuộc sống và từ có, nhiều hơn những người khác, thành lập và chuyển đó công việc của nghệ thuật mà chúng tôi gọi là nhân loại, làm chứng của bài phát biểu và bằng văn bản hoặc thậm chí bởi cuộc sống rất của họ hơn nữa đó hơn những người khác có họ được xé bởi pangs bất hòa bên trong. Hãy để điều này là khuyến khích để anh ta những người cũng bị từ nó. Mà không có nó không có gì lâu dài có bao giờ được begotten. (Erwin Schrödinger)Cho một lối sống đơn độc của động vật là một Đức tính mà có xu hướng để bảo tồn và cải thiện các loài: trong bất kỳ loại của cộng đồng, nó sẽ trở thành một phó phá hoại. Một động vật embarks trên hình thành các tiểu bang mà không có rất nhiều hạn chế tự ngã
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Erwin Schrodinger: Quantum Physics
Schrodinger Wave Equation describes Real Standing Waves of Matter in Physical Space
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin SchrodingerLet me say at the outset, that in this discourse, I am opposing not a few special statements of quantum mechanics held today (1950s), I am opposing as it were the whole of it, I am opposing its basic views that have been shaped 25 years ago, when Max Born put forward his probability interpretation, which was accepted by almost everybody. (Schrödinger E, The Interpretation of Quantum Physics. Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge, CN, 1995).
Erwin Schrodinger discovered that when frequency f and de Broglie wavelength y were substituted into general wave equations it becomes possible to express energy E and momentum mv as wave functions - thus a confined particle (e.g. an electron in an atom/molecule) with known energy and momentum functions could be described with a certain wave function.
From this it was further found that only certain frequency wave functions, like frequencies on musical strings, were allowed to exist. These allowed functions and their frequencies depended on the confining structure (atom or molecule) that the electron was bound to (analogous to how strings are bound to a violin, and only then can they resonate at certain frequencies).
Significantly, these allowed frequencies corresponded to the observed discrete frequencies of light emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in atoms/molecules. This further confirmed the standing wave properties of matter, and that only certain standing wave frequencies could exist which corresponded to certain energy states.
As Albert Einstein explains;
How can one assign a discrete succession of energy values E to a system specified in the sense of classical mechanics (the energy function is a given function of the co-ordinates x and the corresponding momenta mv)? Planck's constant h relates the frequency f =E/h to the energy values E. It is therefore sufficient to assign to the system a succession of discrete frequency f values. This reminds us of the fact that in acoustics a series of discrete frequency values is coordinated to a linear partial differential equation (for given boundary conditions) namely the sinusoidal periodic solutions. In corresponding manner, Schrodinger set himself the task of coordinating a partial differential equation for a scalar wave function to the given energy function E (x, mv), where the position x and time t are independent variables. (Albert Einstein, 1954)
And here we have a final piece of the puzzle in a sense, for it was Schrodinger who discovered that the standing waves are scalar waves rather than vector electromagnetic waves. This is an important difference, vector electromagnetic waves are mathematical waves which describe a direction (vector) of force, whereas the wave Motions of Space are scalar waves which are simply described by their wave-amplitude.
With de Broglie's introduction of the concept of standing waves to explain the discrete energy states of atoms and molecules, and the introduction of scalar waves by Schrodinger, they had intuitively grasped important truths of, as Einstein confirms;
Quantum Theory: Albert EinsteinThe de Broglie-Schrodinger method, which has in a certain sense the character of a field theory, does indeed deduce the existence of only discrete states, in surprising agreement with empirical facts. It does so on the basis of differential equations applying a kind of resonance argument. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Quantum Physics: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle & Born's 'Probability Waves' (1928)
Werner Heisenberg: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle of Quantum TheoryAt the same time that the wave properties of matter were discovered, two further discoveries were made that also profoundly influenced (and confused) the future evolution of modern physics.
Firstly, Werner Heisenberg developed the uncertainty principle which tells us that we (the observer) can never exactly know both the position and momentum of a particle. As every observation requires an energy exchange (photon) to create the observed 'data', some energy (wave) state of the observed object has to be altered. Thus the observation has a discrete effect on what we measure, limiting how precisely we can determine both the position and momentum of the particle.
Max Born (1928) was the first to discover (by chance and with no theoretical foundation) that the square of the quantum wave equations (which is actually the mass-energy density of space) could be used to predict the probability of where the particle would be found. Since it was impossible for both the waves and the particles to be real entities, it became customary to regard the waves as unreal 'probability waves' and to maintain the belief in the 'real' particle.
Unfortunately this maintained the belief in the particle/wave duality, in a new form where the 'quantum' scalar waves had become 'probability waves' for the 'real' particle. Albert Einstein agreed with this probability wave interpretation, as he believed in continuous force fields (not in waves or particles) thus to him it was sensible that the waves were not real, and were mere descriptions of probabilities.
Quantum Physics: Albert EinsteinIt seems to be clear, therefore, that Born's statistical interpretation of quantum physics is the only possible one. The wave function does not in any way describe a state which could be that of a single system; it relates rather to many systems, to an 'ensemble of systems' in the sense of statistical mechanics. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Albert Einstein was correct to realise that matter is not a discrete 'particle' but is spherically spatially extended. His error was to represent matter as a continuous spherical force field rather than a Spherical Standing Wave (a subtle but profound difference). Thus it is true that matter is intimately interconnected to all the other matter in the universe (by the spherical In and Out-waves). It is this lack of knowledge of the system as a whole that is the ultimate cause of the uncertainty and resultant probability inherent in Quantum Physics.
Quantum Mechanics: Albert EinsteinThus the last and most successful creation of theoretical physics, namely quantum mechanics (QM), differs fundamentally from both Newton's mechanics, and Maxwell's e-m field. For the quantities which figure in Quantum Physics' laws make no claim to describe physical reality itself, but only probabilities of the occurrence of a physical reality that we have in view.
… I cannot but confess that I attach only a transitory importance to this interpretation. I still believe in the possibility of a model of reality - that is to say, of a theory which represents things themselves and not merely the probability of their occurrence. On the other hand, it seems to me certain that we must give up the idea of complete localization of the particle in a theoretical model. This seems to me the permanent upshot of Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Albert Einstein believed that Reality was not founded on chance (as Bohr and Heisenberg argued) but on necessary connections between things (thus his comment 'God does not play dice.'). He was largely correct, matter is necessarily connected due to the Spherical Standing Wave Structure of Matter, but due to lack of knowledge of the system as a whole (the universe), this then gives rise to the chance and uncertainty found in Quantum Theory.
It is also true that we must give up the idea of complete localization and knowledge of the 'particle', which is merely a mathematical concept and is caused by the wave-center of the Spherical Standing Wave.
Remarkably, Stephen Hawking was very close to the truth when he wrote;
(Stephen Hawking, 1988) 'But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability.'But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability. (Stephen Hawking, 1988)
Read more on the Wave Structure of Matter as a simple solution to the problems of Quantum Physics, Relativity, and Cosmology.
Introduction - Erwin Schrodinger Wave Equations - Schrodinger Quotes - Biography Erwin Schrodinger - Top of Page
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin Schrodinger Quotes Quantum Physics: Erwin Schrodinger Quotes
The scientist only imposes two things, namely truth and sincerity, imposes them upon himself and upon other scientists. (Schrodinger)
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin SchrodingerThe world is given to me only once, not one existing and one perceived. Subject and object are only one. The barrier between them cannot be said to have broken down as a result of recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist.
(Erwin Schrodinger)
There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. (Erwin Schrodinger)
Men and women for whom this world was lit in an unusually bright light of awareness, and who by life and word have, more than others, formed and transformed that work of art which we call humanity, testify by speech and writing or even by their very lives that more than others have they been torn by the pangs of inner discord. Let this be a consolation to him who also suffers from it. Without it nothing enduring has ever been begotten. (Erwin Schrodinger)
For a solitary animal egoism is a virtue that tends to preserve and improve the species: in any kind of community it becomes a destructive vice. An animal that embarks on forming states without greatly restricting ego
Schrodinger Wave Equation describes Real Standing Waves of Matter in Physical Space
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin SchrodingerLet me say at the outset, that in this discourse, I am opposing not a few special statements of quantum mechanics held today (1950s), I am opposing as it were the whole of it, I am opposing its basic views that have been shaped 25 years ago, when Max Born put forward his probability interpretation, which was accepted by almost everybody. (Schrödinger E, The Interpretation of Quantum Physics. Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge, CN, 1995).
Erwin Schrodinger discovered that when frequency f and de Broglie wavelength y were substituted into general wave equations it becomes possible to express energy E and momentum mv as wave functions - thus a confined particle (e.g. an electron in an atom/molecule) with known energy and momentum functions could be described with a certain wave function.
From this it was further found that only certain frequency wave functions, like frequencies on musical strings, were allowed to exist. These allowed functions and their frequencies depended on the confining structure (atom or molecule) that the electron was bound to (analogous to how strings are bound to a violin, and only then can they resonate at certain frequencies).
Significantly, these allowed frequencies corresponded to the observed discrete frequencies of light emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in atoms/molecules. This further confirmed the standing wave properties of matter, and that only certain standing wave frequencies could exist which corresponded to certain energy states.
As Albert Einstein explains;
How can one assign a discrete succession of energy values E to a system specified in the sense of classical mechanics (the energy function is a given function of the co-ordinates x and the corresponding momenta mv)? Planck's constant h relates the frequency f =E/h to the energy values E. It is therefore sufficient to assign to the system a succession of discrete frequency f values. This reminds us of the fact that in acoustics a series of discrete frequency values is coordinated to a linear partial differential equation (for given boundary conditions) namely the sinusoidal periodic solutions. In corresponding manner, Schrodinger set himself the task of coordinating a partial differential equation for a scalar wave function to the given energy function E (x, mv), where the position x and time t are independent variables. (Albert Einstein, 1954)
And here we have a final piece of the puzzle in a sense, for it was Schrodinger who discovered that the standing waves are scalar waves rather than vector electromagnetic waves. This is an important difference, vector electromagnetic waves are mathematical waves which describe a direction (vector) of force, whereas the wave Motions of Space are scalar waves which are simply described by their wave-amplitude.
With de Broglie's introduction of the concept of standing waves to explain the discrete energy states of atoms and molecules, and the introduction of scalar waves by Schrodinger, they had intuitively grasped important truths of, as Einstein confirms;
Quantum Theory: Albert EinsteinThe de Broglie-Schrodinger method, which has in a certain sense the character of a field theory, does indeed deduce the existence of only discrete states, in surprising agreement with empirical facts. It does so on the basis of differential equations applying a kind of resonance argument. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Quantum Physics: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle & Born's 'Probability Waves' (1928)
Werner Heisenberg: Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle of Quantum TheoryAt the same time that the wave properties of matter were discovered, two further discoveries were made that also profoundly influenced (and confused) the future evolution of modern physics.
Firstly, Werner Heisenberg developed the uncertainty principle which tells us that we (the observer) can never exactly know both the position and momentum of a particle. As every observation requires an energy exchange (photon) to create the observed 'data', some energy (wave) state of the observed object has to be altered. Thus the observation has a discrete effect on what we measure, limiting how precisely we can determine both the position and momentum of the particle.
Max Born (1928) was the first to discover (by chance and with no theoretical foundation) that the square of the quantum wave equations (which is actually the mass-energy density of space) could be used to predict the probability of where the particle would be found. Since it was impossible for both the waves and the particles to be real entities, it became customary to regard the waves as unreal 'probability waves' and to maintain the belief in the 'real' particle.
Unfortunately this maintained the belief in the particle/wave duality, in a new form where the 'quantum' scalar waves had become 'probability waves' for the 'real' particle. Albert Einstein agreed with this probability wave interpretation, as he believed in continuous force fields (not in waves or particles) thus to him it was sensible that the waves were not real, and were mere descriptions of probabilities.
Quantum Physics: Albert EinsteinIt seems to be clear, therefore, that Born's statistical interpretation of quantum physics is the only possible one. The wave function does not in any way describe a state which could be that of a single system; it relates rather to many systems, to an 'ensemble of systems' in the sense of statistical mechanics. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Albert Einstein was correct to realise that matter is not a discrete 'particle' but is spherically spatially extended. His error was to represent matter as a continuous spherical force field rather than a Spherical Standing Wave (a subtle but profound difference). Thus it is true that matter is intimately interconnected to all the other matter in the universe (by the spherical In and Out-waves). It is this lack of knowledge of the system as a whole that is the ultimate cause of the uncertainty and resultant probability inherent in Quantum Physics.
Quantum Mechanics: Albert EinsteinThus the last and most successful creation of theoretical physics, namely quantum mechanics (QM), differs fundamentally from both Newton's mechanics, and Maxwell's e-m field. For the quantities which figure in Quantum Physics' laws make no claim to describe physical reality itself, but only probabilities of the occurrence of a physical reality that we have in view.
… I cannot but confess that I attach only a transitory importance to this interpretation. I still believe in the possibility of a model of reality - that is to say, of a theory which represents things themselves and not merely the probability of their occurrence. On the other hand, it seems to me certain that we must give up the idea of complete localization of the particle in a theoretical model. This seems to me the permanent upshot of Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty. (Albert Einstein, On Quantum Physics, 1954)
Albert Einstein believed that Reality was not founded on chance (as Bohr and Heisenberg argued) but on necessary connections between things (thus his comment 'God does not play dice.'). He was largely correct, matter is necessarily connected due to the Spherical Standing Wave Structure of Matter, but due to lack of knowledge of the system as a whole (the universe), this then gives rise to the chance and uncertainty found in Quantum Theory.
It is also true that we must give up the idea of complete localization and knowledge of the 'particle', which is merely a mathematical concept and is caused by the wave-center of the Spherical Standing Wave.
Remarkably, Stephen Hawking was very close to the truth when he wrote;
(Stephen Hawking, 1988) 'But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability.'But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. It is just that we try to fit the waves to our preconceived ideas of positions and velocities. The resulting mismatch is the cause of the apparent unpredictability. (Stephen Hawking, 1988)
Read more on the Wave Structure of Matter as a simple solution to the problems of Quantum Physics, Relativity, and Cosmology.
Introduction - Erwin Schrodinger Wave Equations - Schrodinger Quotes - Biography Erwin Schrodinger - Top of Page
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin Schrodinger Quotes Quantum Physics: Erwin Schrodinger Quotes
The scientist only imposes two things, namely truth and sincerity, imposes them upon himself and upon other scientists. (Schrodinger)
Quantum Mechanics: Erwin SchrodingerThe world is given to me only once, not one existing and one perceived. Subject and object are only one. The barrier between them cannot be said to have broken down as a result of recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist.
(Erwin Schrodinger)
There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. (Erwin Schrodinger)
Men and women for whom this world was lit in an unusually bright light of awareness, and who by life and word have, more than others, formed and transformed that work of art which we call humanity, testify by speech and writing or even by their very lives that more than others have they been torn by the pangs of inner discord. Let this be a consolation to him who also suffers from it. Without it nothing enduring has ever been begotten. (Erwin Schrodinger)
For a solitary animal egoism is a virtue that tends to preserve and improve the species: in any kind of community it becomes a destructive vice. An animal that embarks on forming states without greatly restricting ego
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