Chi phí hệ thống BookeepingCó hai chính chi phí bookeeping hệ thống, Hệ thống lồng vào nhau và tích hợp hệ thống3.1 giới thiệuKhông có hai loại chi phí bookeeping hệ thống, lồng vào nhau và tích hợp. Sự khác biệt chính giữa hai hệ thống là hệ thống lồng vào nhau yêu cầu riêng biệt ledgers để giữ cho các chức năng kế toán chi phí và các chức năng kế toán tài chính, có nghĩa là lợi nhuận chi phí kế toán và tài chính kế toán lợi nhuận có được hòa giải. Tích hợp hệ thống, mặt khác kết hợp hai chức năng trong một tập hợp các tài khoản sổ cáiHệ thống hiện đại chi phí kế toán (điện) tích hợp thông tin kế toán chi phí và thông tin kế toán tài chính và là biết như hệ thống tích hợp. Bạn có nhiều hơn nữa khả năng để đối phó với các hệ thống tích hợp trong thực tế.3.2 interlocking hệ thốngMột hệ thống lồng vào nhau là một hệ thống bookeeping nơi riêng biệt ledger tài khoản được lưu giữ cho các chức năng kế toán chi phí và các chức năng kế toán tài chính.Như một hệ thống đòi hỏi phải hòa giải của lợi nhuận sản xuất bởi những điều khoản riêng biệt của lợi nhuận hoặc mất mát. Tài khoản chi phí sử dụng dữ liệu chi phí cơ bản tương tự (Mua, tiền lương và vv.) là các tài khoản tài chính, nhưng sau đó cung cấp phân tích chi phí thích các chi phí đầu vào với sản lượng của sản phẩm và dịch vụ3.2.1 cách lồng vào nhau hệ thống hoạt động Một hệ thống tính năng hai ledger lồng vào nhau(a) sổ kế toán tài chính có tài sản, trách nhiệm pháp lý, doanh thu, chi phí và chiếm đoạt tài khoản. Sự cân bằng thử nghiệm của một doanh nghiệp được chuẩn bị từ sổ kế toán tài chính.(b) The cost ledger is where cost information such as the build-up of work in progress is analysed in more detail.3.2.2 The cost ledger control accountWe mentioned the cost ledger control account briefly earlier in the chapter. There are certain items of cost or revenue which are of no interest to the cost accountant beause they are financial accounting items. These include the following• Interest or dividends received• Dividends paid• Discounts allowed or received for prompt payment of invoicesSome financial accounting items are not related to costs and profits such as• Cash• Payables• Receivables• Revenue reservesThe items listed are not include in the separate cost accounting books, but are held in a cost ledger control account3.2.3 Principal cost accounts in a system of interlocking accountsa) The resources accounts• Materials control account or stores control account• Wages (and salaries) control account• Production overhead control account• Administration overhead control account• Selling and distribution overhead control accountb) Accounts which record the cost of production items from the start of production work through to cost of sales• Work in progress control account• Finished goods control account• Cost of sales control accountc) Sales accountd) The costing statement of profit or loss (income statement)e) The under-/over-absorbed overhead accountf) Cost ledger control account (in the cost ledger)3.2.4 The financial book-keeping systemThe financial book – keeping system consists of the financial ledger (or general ledger) and this is use to produce the financial statements for an organisation. The general ledger shows a complete record of an organisation’s financial transactions. It show the detail pertaining to each transaction3.2.5 Notional costsIn some interlooking costing systems, there may be notional costs. These are costs that are introduced into a costing system in orther to present a more realistic measure of the cost of an item. The most common types of notional cost are notional rent and notional interest• Notional rent may be charged the cost of an item when the organisation owns it own premises, but it is considered appropriate to charge a notional commercial rent as though the property is rented rather than owned • Notional interest may be charged on the capital invested in an item to reflect the cost of the capital investedThe purpose of the notional costs is to make comparions of cost between different items or diffirent operations more realistic and more fair Notional costs must be recorded in the cost accounts. The actual notional cost is recorded as a debit entry in the appropriate overhead account, and the corresponding credit entry is to the cost accounting statement of profit or loss ( income statement)3.3 Example: interlocking accounts
Write up the cost ledger accounts of a manufucturing company for the lastet accounting period. The following data is relevant
a) There is no inventory on hand at the beginning of the period
b) Details of the transactions for the period received from the financial accounts department include the following
Sales 420,000
Indirect wages
Production 25,000
Administration 15,000
Sales and distribution 20,000
Materials purchased 101,000
Direct factory wages 153,200
Production overhead 46,500
Selling and distribution 39,500
Administrtion expenses 32,000
c) Other cost data for the period includes the following
Stores issued to production as indirect materials 15,000
Stores issued to production as direct materials 77,000
Cost of finished production 270,200
Cost of goods sold at finished goods inventory valuation 267,700
Standard rate of production overhead absorption 50c per operating hour
Rate of administration overhead absorption 20% of production cost of sales
Rate of sales and distribution overhead absorption 10% of sales revenue
Actual operating hours worked 160,000
Solution
The problem should be tackled methodically. The letters in brackets show the sequence in which the various entries are made. Any entries without a letter are merely transfer of closing balances
COST LEDGER CONTROL (CLC)
Sales (a) 420,000 Wages control(b) 213,200
Balance c/d 51,500 Material control (c) 101,000
Prod’n o’hd control (d) 46,500
S & D o’hd control (e)39,500
Admin o’hd control (f) 32,000
Cost statement of pro fit or loss 39,300
471,500 471,500
Balance b/d 51,500
MATERIALS CONTROL
CLC (c)- purchases 101,000 Prod’n o’hd control (k) (indirect materials) 15,000
WIP control (i) (issues to production) 77,000
Closing inventory c/d (balancing item)
101,000 101,000
Closing inventory b/d 9,000
WAGES CONTROL
CLC (b) 213,200 prod’n o’hd control (g)25,000
Admin o’hd control (h) 15,000
S&D o’hd control (j) 20,000
WIP control (m)(direct labour) 153,200
213,200 213,200
PRODUCTION OVERHEAD CONTROL
CLC (d) 46,500 WIP control (p)(160,000*50p)
Wages control (g) 25,000 (overheads absorbed) 80,000
Materials control (k) 15,000 O’hds under- absorbed 6,500
86,500 86,500
ADMINISTRATION OVERHEAD CONTROL
CLC (f) 32,000 Cost of sales control (q)
Wages control (h) 15,000 (20%*267700) 53,540
O’hds over-absorbed 6,540
53,540 53,540
SELLING AND DISTRIBUTION OVERHEAD CONTROL
CLC (f) 39,500 Cost of sales control (r)(o/hds absorbed) 42,000
(10%*420,000)
Wages control (j) 20,000
O’hds under-absorbed 17,500
59,500 59,500
WORK IN PROGRESS CONTROL
Materials control (l) 77,000 Finished goods control (n) 270,200
Wages control (m) 153,200 (transfer of finished production)
Prod’n o’hd control 80,000 Closing inventory of WIP c/d 40,000
310,200 310,200
Balance b/d 40,000
FINISHED GOODS CONTROL
WIP control (n) 270,200 Cost of sales control (o) 267,700
Inventory of finished goods c/d 2,500
270,200 270,200
Balance b/d 2,500
COST OF SALES CONTROL
Finished goods control (o) 267,700 Cost statement of profit or loss 363,240
Admin o’hd control (q) 53,540
S & D o’hd control (r) 42,000
363,240 363,240
SALES
Cost statement of profit or loss 420,000 ClC (a) 420,000
UNDER-/OVER-ABSORBED OVERHEAD
Prod’n o’hd control 6,500 Admin o’hd control 6,500
S &D o’hd control 17,500 Cost statement of profit or loss 17,460
24,000 24,000
COST STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS (INCOME STATEMENT)
Cost of sales control 363,240 Sales 420,000
Under-/over-absorbed o’hd 17,460
CLC (profit for period) 39,300
420,000 420,000
Note how the trial balance can be extracted from the accounts
TRIAL BALANCE Debit Credit
Cost ledger control 51,500
Materials 9,000
Work in progess 40,000
Finished good inventories 2,500
51,500 51,500
4.1 Interlocking systems
The main advantages of interlocking systemsistha they feature two ledgers,each of which fulfil different purposes .Having two sets of ledgers means that it is less likely that any conflict of needs will arise.This contrasts with integrated accounts, where one ledger is expected to fulfill two different purposes, and there may be conflicts between financial and cost accounting purposes, for example over valuation of inventory
The main limitations of interlocking systems are as follows
• Profits of separate cost and financial accounts must be recanciled
• They require more administration time
• They are more costly to run
4.2 Integrated systems
The main advantage of integrated systems is the saving in adminitration time and costs. This is because only one set of accounts needs to be maintained instead of two. There is also no need to reconcile the profits of the separate cost and financial accounts
The main limitation of integrated accounts is expected to fulfil two different purposes, the cost accounts provide internal management information and the financial accounts are used for internal reporting. At times external reporting and internal management information may conflict. For example, for external reporting, inventories will be valued in accordance with accounting standards. Cost accountants may however prefer to value inventories at marginal cost. It is clear therefore that in some circumstances it is more advantageous
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