In MPPM, each symbol of duration Tsymb = Tb log2 L is divided into n slots, each with
n
a duration of Tsymb/n. A pulse is transmitted in w slots, thereby giving
possible
n
w
symbols and hence, the potential to encode log2
bits, thus offering higher band-
w
width efficiency compared to the standard PPM scheme [30–32]. As an example,
4
-MPPM has six possible symbols, as illustrated in Figure 4.12.
2
However, not all of the possible symbols are necessarily used. For example, a
reduced symbol set may be chosen which has a large minimum Hamming distance. Park and Barry examined the performance of MPPM on the AWGN channel [32]. The authors found that with w = 2, MPPM outperforms PPM both in terms of band- width efficiency and power efficiency. Moving to w = 8 greatly increases the number of valid symbols, thereby giving an improvement in bandwidth efficiency at the expense of an increased power requirement. Park and Barry extended their analysis of MPPM by examining the effects of ISI [31]. For both unequalized detection and MLSD, the authors found that the power requirements of MPPM increase at a similar rate to those of PPM as the severity of ISI increases. As with PPM, the performance
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