Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. W dịch - Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. W Tiếng Indonesia làm thế nào để nói

Humans are uniquely smart among all

Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. We are capable of outstanding feats of technology and engineering. Then why are we so prone to making mistakes? And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again? When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors of judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.

In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys. Monkeys were selected for the test because, as distant relatives of humans, they are intelligent and have the capacity to learn. However, they are not influenced by any of the technological or cultural environments which affect human decision-making. The team wanted to test whether the capuchin monkeys, when put into similar situations as humans, would make the same mistakes.

[A] Of particular interest to the scientists was whether monkeys would make the same mistakes when making financial decisions. [B] In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money. [C] The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish 'bargains' – If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option. [D] Interestingly, when the data about the monkey's purchasing strategies was compared with economist's data on human behaviour, there was a perfect match.

So, after establishing that the monkey market was operating effectively, the team decided to introduce some problems which humans generally get wrong. One of these issues is risk-taking. Imagine that someone gave you $1000. In addition to this $1000, you can receive either A) an additional $500 or B) someone tosses a coin and if it lands 'heads' you receive an additional $1000, but if it lands 'tails' you receive no more money. Of these options, most people tend to choose option A. They prefer guaranteed earnings, rather than running the risk of receiving nothing. Now imagine a second situation in which you are given $2000. Now, you can choose to either A) lose $500, leaving you with a total of $1500, or B) toss a coin; if it lands 'heads' you lose nothing, but if it lands 'tails' you lose $1000, leaving you with only $1000. Interestingly, when we stand to lose money, we tend to choose the more risky choice, option B. And as we know from the experience of financial investors and gamblers, it is unwise to take risks when we are on a losing streak.

So would the monkeys make the same basic error of judgement? The team put them to the test by giving them similar options. In the first test, monkeys had the option of exchanging their disc for one grape and receiving one bonus grape, or exchanging the grape for one grape and sometimes receiving two bonus grapes and sometimes receiving no bonus. It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty. Then the experiment was reversed. Monkeys were offered three grapes, but in option A were only actually given two grapes. In option B, they had a fifty-fifty chance of receiving all three grapes or one grape only. The results were that monkeys, like humans, take more risks in times of loss.

The implications of this experiment are that because monkeys make the same irrational judgements that humans do, maybe human error is not a result of the complexity of our financial institutions, but is imbedded in our evolutionary history. If this is the case, our errors of judgement will be very difficult to overcome. On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognising them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.
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Kết quả (Tiếng Indonesia) 1: [Sao chép]
Sao chép!
Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. We are capable of outstanding feats of technology and engineering. Then why are we so prone to making mistakes? And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again? When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors of judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys. Monkeys were selected for the test because, as distant relatives of humans, they are intelligent and have the capacity to learn. However, they are not influenced by any of the technological or cultural environments which affect human decision-making. The team wanted to test whether the capuchin monkeys, when put into similar situations as humans, would make the same mistakes.[A] Of particular interest to the scientists was whether monkeys would make the same mistakes when making financial decisions. [B] In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money. [C] The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish 'bargains' – If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option. [D] Interestingly, when the data about the monkey's purchasing strategies was compared with economist's data on human behaviour, there was a perfect match.So, after establishing that the monkey market was operating effectively, the team decided to introduce some problems which humans generally get wrong. One of these issues is risk-taking. Imagine that someone gave you $1000. In addition to this $1000, you can receive either A) an additional $500 or B) someone tosses a coin and if it lands 'heads' you receive an additional $1000, but if it lands 'tails' you receive no more money. Of these options, most people tend to choose option A. They prefer guaranteed earnings, rather than running the risk of receiving nothing. Now imagine a second situation in which you are given $2000. Now, you can choose to either A) lose $500, leaving you with a total of $1500, or B) toss a coin; if it lands 'heads' you lose nothing, but if it lands 'tails' you lose $1000, leaving you with only $1000. Interestingly, when we stand to lose money, we tend to choose the more risky choice, option B. And as we know from the experience of financial investors and gamblers, it is unwise to take risks when we are on a losing streak.
So would the monkeys make the same basic error of judgement? The team put them to the test by giving them similar options. In the first test, monkeys had the option of exchanging their disc for one grape and receiving one bonus grape, or exchanging the grape for one grape and sometimes receiving two bonus grapes and sometimes receiving no bonus. It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty. Then the experiment was reversed. Monkeys were offered three grapes, but in option A were only actually given two grapes. In option B, they had a fifty-fifty chance of receiving all three grapes or one grape only. The results were that monkeys, like humans, take more risks in times of loss.

The implications of this experiment are that because monkeys make the same irrational judgements that humans do, maybe human error is not a result of the complexity of our financial institutions, but is imbedded in our evolutionary history. If this is the case, our errors of judgement will be very difficult to overcome. On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognising them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.
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Kết quả (Tiếng Indonesia) 2:[Sao chép]
Sao chép!
Manusia adalah unik pintar di antara semua spesies lain di planet ini. Kami mampu prestasi yang luar biasa dari teknologi dan rekayasa. Lalu mengapa kita begitu cenderung membuat kesalahan? Dan mengapa kita cenderung membuat waktu yang sama dan waktu lagi? Ketika Primate Psikolog Laurie Santos dari Perbandingan Kognisi Lab di Universitas Yale mengajukan pertanyaan ini kepada timnya, mereka berpikir khususnya dari kesalahan penilaian yang menyebabkan runtuhnya terbaru dari pasar keuangan. Santos datang ke dua kemungkinan jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini. Baik manusia telah merancang lingkungan yang terlalu rumit bagi kita untuk memahami, atau kita secara biologis cenderung membuat keputusan yang buruk. Untuk menguji teori ini, tim yang dipilih sekelompok monyet Capuchin Brown. Monyet karena adanya tes karena, sebagai saudara jauh dari manusia, mereka cerdas dan memiliki kapasitas untuk belajar. Namun, mereka tidak dipengaruhi oleh salah satu lingkungan teknologi atau budaya yang mempengaruhi manusia pengambilan keputusan. Tim ingin menguji apakah monyet capuchin, ketika dimasukkan ke dalam situasi yang sama seperti manusia, akan membuat kesalahan yang sama. [A] Yang menarik untuk para ilmuwan adalah apakah monyet akan membuat kesalahan yang sama ketika membuat keputusan keuangan. [B] Dalam rangka untuk mencari tahu, mereka harus memperkenalkan monyet untuk uang. [C] Monyet segera cottoned, dan serta belajar teknik pertukaran sederhana, segera mampu membedakan 'tawar-menawar' - Jika satu tim-anggota yang ditawarkan dua buah anggur dalam pertukaran untuk disc logam dan lain tim-anggota yang ditawarkan salah satu anggur, monyet memilih opsi dua anggur. [D] Menariknya, ketika data tentang strategi pembelian monyet dibandingkan dengan data ekonomi pada perilaku manusia, ada pertandingan yang sempurna. Jadi, setelah mendirikan bahwa pasar monyet itu beroperasi secara efektif, tim memutuskan untuk memperkenalkan beberapa masalah yang manusia umumnya mendapatkan salah. Salah satu masalah ini adalah pengambilan risiko. Bayangkan bahwa seseorang memberi Anda $ 1.000. Selain ini $ 1000, Anda dapat menerima baik A) tambahan $ 500 B) seseorang melemparkan koin dan jika tanah 'kepala' Anda menerima tambahan $ 1000, tetapi jika tanah 'ekor' Anda tidak menerima lebih banyak uang. Pilihan ini, kebanyakan orang cenderung memilih opsi A. Mereka lebih memilih laba dijamin, daripada menjalankan risiko menerima apa-apa. Sekarang bayangkan situasi kedua di mana Anda diberi $ 2.000. Sekarang, Anda bisa memilih untuk A) kehilangan $ 500, meninggalkan Anda dengan total $ 1500, atau B) melemparkan koin; jika tanah 'kepala' Anda kehilangan apa-apa, tetapi jika tanah 'ekor' Anda kehilangan $ 1000, meninggalkan Anda dengan hanya $ 1000. Menariknya, ketika kita berdiri untuk kehilangan uang, kita cenderung memilih pilihan yang lebih berisiko, pilihan B. Dan seperti yang kita tahu dari pengalaman investor keuangan dan penjudi, adalah tidak bijaksana untuk mengambil risiko ketika kita berada di beruntun kalah. Jadi akan monyet membuat kesalahan dasar yang sama penghakiman? Tim menempatkan mereka untuk tes dengan memberi mereka pilihan yang sama. Pada tes pertama, monyet memiliki pilihan untuk bertukar disk mereka untuk satu anggur dan menerima satu bonus anggur, atau bertukar anggur untuk satu anggur dan kadang-kadang menerima dua buah anggur bonus dan kadang-kadang tidak menerima bonus. Ternyata monyet, seperti manusia, memilih opsi kurang berisiko pada saat banyak. Kemudian percobaan terbalik. Monyet yang ditawarkan tiga buah anggur, tetapi dalam opsi A yang hanya benar-benar diberikan dua buah anggur. Dalam opsi B, mereka punya kesempatan fifty-fifty menerima semua tiga buah anggur atau satu anggur saja. Hasilnya adalah bahwa monyet, seperti manusia, mengambil lebih banyak risiko di masa kerugian. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa karena monyet membuat penilaian rasional sama bahwa manusia lakukan, mungkin kesalahan manusia bukanlah hasil dari kompleksitas lembaga keuangan kami, tetapi tertanam dalam sejarah evolusi kita. Jika hal ini terjadi, kesalahan kami penghakiman akan sangat sulit untuk diatasi. Pada catatan yang lebih optimis Namun, manusia sepenuhnya mampu mengatasi keterbatasan setelah kami telah mengidentifikasi mereka. Dengan mengakui mereka, kita dapat merancang teknologi yang akan membantu kita untuk membuat pilihan yang lebih baik di masa depan.









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