Tempera I ure: Walsh (1974) and Chapman (1975, 1977) maintainedthat extensive mangrove development occurs only when theaverage air temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20"CINTRODUCTION 3and where the seasonal range does not exceed 10 degrees. Also,the world distribution of mangroves (figure 1), particularly at thenorthern and southern limits, appears to correlate reasonably wellwith the 16°C isotherm for the air temperature of the coldestmonth (Chapman 1977). However, Barth (1981) has shown thatequally good correlations can be obtained using water temperatures;the presence of mangroves seems to correlate with thoseareas where the water temperature of the warmest month exceeds24°C, and the limits occur in those waters that never exceed 24°Cthroughout the year. The occurrences of mangroves in southwesternWestern Australia and Victoria and in the North Island ofNew Zealand appear to be exceptions regardless of whether air orsea temperatures are used; these mangroves are discussed in moredetail below
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