Another effect of server virtualization is that traffic flows differ substantially from the traditional client-server model. Typically, there is a considerable amount of traffic among virtual servers, for such purposes as maintaining consistent images of the database and invoking security functions such as access control. These server-to-server flows change in location and intensity over time, demanding a flexible approach to managing network resources.Another factor leading to the need for rapid response in allocating network resources is the increasing use by employees of mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and notebooks to access enterprise resources. Network managers must be able to respond to rapidly changing resource, Quality of Service (QoS), and security requirements.Existing network infrastructures can respond to changing requirements for the management of traffic flows, providing differentiated QoS levels and security levels for individual flows, but the process can be very time-consuming if the enterprise network is large and/or involves network devices from multiple vendors. The network manager must configure each vendor's equipment separately, and adjust performance and security parameters on a per-session, per-application basis. In a large enterprise, every time a new virtual machine is brought up, it can take hours or even days for network managers to do the necessary reconfiguration [3].This state of affairs has been compared to the mainframe era of computing [4]. In the era of the mainframe, applications, the operating system, and the hardware were vertically integrated and provided by a single vendor. All of these ingredients were proprietary and closed, leading to slow innovation. Today, most computer platforms use the x86 instruction set, and a variety of operating systems (Windows, Linux, or Mac OS) run on top of the hardware. The OS provides APIs that enable outside providers to develop applications, leading to rapid innovation and deployment. In a similar fashion, commercial networking devices have proprietary features and specialized control planes and hardware, all vertically integrated on the switch. As will be seen, the SDN architecture and the OpenFlow standard provide an open architecture in which control functions are separated from the network device and placed in accessible control servers. This setup enables the underlying infrastructure to be abstracted for applications and network services, enabling the network to be treated as a logical entity.
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