problem with underfrequency protection is that for source line faults, there may not be sufficient voltage to
permit the underfrequency relays to operate. A combination of a voltage relay and an underfrequency relay
can provide protection for this condition. The third scheme uses a sensitive high-speed, three-phase, loss-ofpower
relay to detect loss of source. This scheme requires the relay to be blocked at startup until a sufficient
load level is reached.
Reverse power relays can be used in some specific cases for protection against out-of-phase re-energizing
from reclosing, but the following problems should be noted:
a) For high impedance faults, power may still flow into the motor, preventing motor tripping.
b) Reverse power relays sensitive to reactive power instead of real power usually do not provide proper
tripping for loss of source protection.
5.9 Surge protection
IEEE Std C62.2-1987, IEEE Std C62.22-1991, and IEEE Std 522-1992 should be referred to for guidance on
surge protection for motors. In addition, B.8 (in Annex B, Bibliography) provides references to several
papers that give considerable insight into these issues.
5.10 Motors or motor controls used in class 1E nuclear exposure
Since this guide does not cover motors used in Class 1E nuclear exposure, reference should be made to the
appropriate IEEE guides, ANSI guides, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission rules when applying motors
and their controls to Class 1E applications in nuclear plants.
6. Motor protection specifications
6.1 General considerations
The complete protection scheme must be chosen to achieve optimum service reliability, safety, and protection
of equipment at a reasonable cost. It is essential that the operating characteristics of the chosen motor
protection system be coordinated with those of the supply and, if necessary, the process or load involved if
selective operation of the protective and control devices is to be achieved.
In large motor installations, it may be necessary to consult the motor manufacturer to establish clearly such
requirements as service factor, duty cycle, frequency of starts, WK2 of rotating parts, starting torque, current,
acceleration time, cooling, bearing lubrication supply, mechanical stress and vibration limits, rotor and
stator heating rates, thermal limits, and the effects of surge protectors and power-factor-correction capacitors,
if used. If the application uses adjustable-speed drives, coordination between the motor and drive
system protection should be provided.
In the event of motor failure, subsequent repair and reinstallation of the existing motor protection should be
reviewed in light of any shop modifications (inferior or superior) to the design of the machine. Such modifications
may affect heating and winding insulation characteristics and may include added protection devices
such as RTDs. When considering replacement of older design machines with ones of newer design, closer
manufacturing tolerances due to tighter design margins resulting from computer-aided motor design may
require review of existing protection schemes.
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