Tôi được sinh ra vào tháng 2 năm 1917, tại Thames Ditton, gần London. Cha mẹ tôi, Bỉ-Đức khai thác, là công dân Bỉ, những người đã lấy tị nạn tại Anh trong cuộc chiến tranh. Họ quay trở lại Bỉ năm 1920, và tôi lớn lên ở thành phố cảng quốc tế Antwerpen, tại một thời điểm khi giáo dục ở phía Flanders của đất nước là vẫn còn một nửa tiếng Pháp và một nửa Flemish. Do những hoàn cảnh khác nhau, khi tôi bước vào đại học công giáo Louvain vào năm 1934, tôi đã đã đi qua trong một số nước châu Âu và nói bốn ngôn ngữ khá trôi chảy. Điều này hóa là một tài sản có giá trị trong sự nghiệp của tôi tiếp theo là một nhà khoa học.Tôi sẽ nắm lấy một nghề nghiệp là, Tuy nhiên, rất xa từ tâm trí của tôi. Giáo dục của tôi, theo truyền thống của trường dòng tên mà tôi đã tham dự, đã được tập trung vào "nhân văn cổ đại", và tôi là mạnh mẽ thu hút vào các chi nhánh văn học hơn. Tuy nhiên, tôi quyết định nghiên cứu y học, phần lớn là do sự hấp dẫn của các thực hành y khoa là một nghề nghiệp. Nghiên cứu y tế để lại một số tiền hợp lý của thời gian trong những ngày đó, và đã có một truyền thống tại Đại học sinh viên tốt hơn tham gia một phòng thí nghiệm nghiên cứu. Do đó, nó đã là rằng tôi bước vào phòng thí nghiệm sinh lý học của giáo sư J. P. Bouckaert, mà tâm trí phân tích nghiêm ngặt exerted một ảnh hưởng của tôi phát triển trí tuệ. Tôi gắn liền với một nhóm điều tra tác dụng của insulin vào sự hấp thu glucose. Bởi thời gian khi tôi tốt nghiệp là một MD trong năm 1941, tôi đã từ bỏ tất cả các suy nghĩ của một sự nghiệp y tế, và có chỉ có một tham vọng: để làm sáng tỏ cơ chế hoạt động của insulin.In the meantime, war had broken out. After a brief interval in the army and a temporary stay in a prisoners' camp, from which I promptly escaped thanks to the general confusion which followed the disastrous defeat of the allies, I had returned to Louvain to complete my studies. I had become convinced that the problem of insulin action needed to be approached by means of biochemical methods. Since research activities were almost paralysed due to lack of essential supplies, I embarked an another four-year curriculum, to gain the degree of "Licencié en Sciences Chimiques". I combined these studies with a clinical internship in the Cancer Institute, with as much experimental work as war circumstances allowed, and with extensive reading of the earlier literature on insulin.As a medical student, I had been rather relaxed, but I worked really hard during those four years. Still I could not have achieved what I did without the support of my clinical chief, Professor Joseph Maisin, who enthusiastically approved of my plans and gave me a great deal of free time. By 1945, I had presented a thesis on the mechanism of action of insulin, which earned me the degree of "Agrégé de l'Enseignement Supérieur", written a 400-page book entitled "Glucose, Insuline et Diabète", and prepared a number of research articles for publication.By that time, the war had ended and I felt a great need of further training in biochemistry. In 1946-1947, I had the good fortune of spending 18 months at the Medical Nobel Institute in Stockholm, in the laboratory of Hugo Theorell, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1955. I then spent 6 months as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow at Washington University, under Carl and Gerty Cori who jointly received the Nobel Prize while I was there. In St. Louis, I collaborated with Earl Sutherland, Nobel laureate in 1971. Indeed, I have been very fortunate in the choice of my mentors, all sticklers for technical excellence and intellectual rigour, those prerequisites of good scientific work.I returned to Louvain in March 1947 to take over the teaching of physiological chemistry at the medical faculty, becoming full professor in 1951. I started a small research laboratory, where I was joined by a young physician, Gery Hers, who had already worked with me during the war, and by an increasing number of first class students, including Jacques Berthet, Henri Beaufay, Robert Wattiaux, Pierre Jacques and Pierre Baudhuin. All have since carved distinguished careers for themselves.Insulin, together with glucagon which I had helped rediscover, was still my main focus of interest, and our first investigations were accordingly directed on certain enzymatic aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in liver, which were expected to throw light on the broader problem of insulin action. But fate had a surprise in store for me, in the form of a chance observation, the so-called "latency" of acid phosphatase. It was essentially irrelevant to the object of our research but it was most intriguing. My curiosity got the better of me, and as a result I never elucidated the mechanism of action of insulin. I pursued my accidental finding instead, drawing most of my collaborators along with me.Our investigations were very fruitful. They led to the discovery of a new cell part, the lysosome, which received its name in 1955, and later of yet another organelle, the peroxisome. At the same time, we were prompted to develop progressively improved instrumental, technical and conceptual tools in relation to the separation and analysis of cell components, and to apply them to an increasing variety of problems of biological and also medical interest.In 1962, I was appointed a professor at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, now the Rockefeller University, the institution where Albert Claude had made his pioneering studies between 1929 and 1949, and where George Palade had been working since 1946. I retained my position in Louvain and have since shared my time more or less equally between the two universities. In New York, I was able to develop a second flourishing group, which follows the same general lines of research as the Belgian group, but with a program of its own. The two laboratories work closely together and complement each other in many respects.Recently, with a number of colleagues, I have created a new institute, the International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, or ICP, located on the new site of the Louvain Medical School in Brussels. The aim of the ICP is to accelerate the translation of basic knowledge in cellular and molecular biology into useful practical applications.In September 1943, I married the former Janine Herman, the daughter of a physician. We have four children, three of whom are married, and two grandchildren.From Les Prix Nobel en 1974, Editor Wilhelm Odelberg, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1975This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/ Nobel Lectures/The Nobel Prizes. The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate.Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1974 Addendum, December 1997Since the writing of this note, our fourth child has married and the number or our grand-children has risen to 7. I still share my time between Belgium and New York, but my professional duties have slowly come to an end. I became emeritus at the University of Louvain in 1985 and at the Rockefeller University in 1988. My duties as president of the ICP ended in 1991, but I still remain on the board of this institute, as Founder-Administrator.Much of my time and effort have been devoted to the ICP, where some 270 investigators and technicians work on a variety of problems of basic science and on the application of their findings to medical progress. About one-third of the institute is occupied by the Brussels branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. The head of this branch, Professor Thiery Boon, is also my successor as director of the ICP.In the last few years, I have become increasingly interested in the origin and evolution of life. I have written three books, which have been translated in a number of languages: A Guided Tour of the Living Cell (New York: Scientific American Books, 1984); Blueprint for a Cell (Burlington, NC: Neil Patterson Publishers, 1991); and Vital Dust (New York: Basic Books, 1995). I plan to devote my remaining years to further probing what, if anything, our growing understanding of life and mind can tell us about the structure and meaning of the universe.
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