An effective tax system must provide incentives to tax payers (individuals or corporate firms)
for tax compliance; otherwise, no taxes would be remitted voluntarily in a competitive economy.
Indeed empirical evidence suggests that tax evasion and fiscal corruption is a general and persistent
problem in virtually every country with serious negative consequences. Tax evasion constitutes a
sizable share of the shadow economy even in advanced industrialized countries around the globe.
Slemrod and Yitzhaki (2002) estimate that about the 17% of income taxes are unpaid in the US,
while the Tax Justice Network (2011) estimate that, on average, tax evasion rates in 119 developed
and developing countries around the world exceeds 50% of their healthcare spendings. Furthermore,
Schneider (2000) reports that the shadow output equals 39% of the actual magnitude of reported
GDP in developing countries, 23% in transition countries and 14% in OECD countries. Schneider
and Enste (2000) and Bajada (2003) suggest that the underground economy and the associated tax
evasion deepens recessions and increases the volatility of business cycles.
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