variety of pollutants, such as solid waste, trash, and petroleum compounds from fueling stations, automobiles, and commercial vehicles This runoff can contribute human and industrial waste products to combined sewage overflows.Erosion and sedimentation Erosion in municipal areas is the displacement of soils and substrates through urbanization and the creation of rivulets, gullies and erosion channels. Sedimentation results in turbid runoff waters and affects the quality of nearby streams. Sedimentation causes a number of detrimental effects to aquatic systems. Controlling stormwater runoff is essential in order to decrease sedimentation, reduce stream bank erosion and stream channeling, and reduce modifications to stream habitat in smaller streams. Runoff control also provides secondary benefits such as reducing the need for dredging and improving recreation (U.S. EPA 1998).SolutionsThe general goals of stormwater management are to maintain groundwater recharge and storage, reduce stormwater pollutant loads, protect stream channels, prevent increased overbank flooding, and to safely convey extreme floods. The Center for Watershed Protection (1998) recommends that watershed managers faced with selecting the stormwater BMPs for their watershed/subwatersheds should address the following issues and questions:• What is the most effective mix of biological and engineering BMPs that can meet my subwatershed goals?• What are the primary stormwater pollutants of concern (phosphorus, bacteria, sediment, metals, hydrocarbons, trash and debris)?• Which hydrologic variables do we want to manage in the subwatershed (recharge, channel protection, flood reduction, etc.)?• What are the best BMPs for removing pollutants?• Which BMPs should be used or avoided in the subwatershed because of their environmental impacts?• What is the most economical way to provide stormwater management?• Which BMPs are the least burdensome to maintain within local budgets?StructuralRetrofitting is the process of modifying existing surface water structures to control flooding. The objective is to improve water quality through hydrological
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