4.battery managementthe battery management system controls battery state during charging and discharging. Intelligent functionality is needed to extend the battery lifetime, which has a considerable impact on the total cost of owenership. The state od heals(SoH), state of charge(SoC) and Depth of discharge (DoD) of the battery is permanently monitored. As battery cells age, the capacity of individual cells is charge and variation to nominal capacity is increasing. The challenge is to optimize cell usage. A cell supervision circuitry enables active or passive cell balancing during charging and discharging.
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