Corporation (IFC) adopted in 2006 and implemented from 2007 (IFC, 2006a). The adoption of such standards by the IFC was actually part of a long history of commitment to environmental and social issues that partially overlap and is intertwined with that of the World Bank (Table 1). The IFC, in fact, first adopted its own Envi- ronmental and Social Safeguard Policies in 1998 by lending on those of the World Bank. In 2006, the IFC adopted the Sustainability Framework, which articulates IFC's strategic commitment to sus- tainable development (IFC, 2006b). Such a framework was based on a single policy that defined eight performance standards equally divided among social and environmental issues (Dani and Beddies,2011) that the World Bank referred to in 2012. The IFC's Sustain- ability Framework was then revisited and updated in 2011 (IFC,2012a, 2012b) with the aim of strengthening IFC's commitments to climate change, business and human rights, corporate gover- nance, and gender, thus further enhancing the attention to social issues.With reference to 2013, the application of the abovementioned improved standards, both by the World Bank and the IFC, spanned several sectors including water resources management, power and energy, agriculture and agroindustry, local development, infra- structure, waste management, mining activities, tourism, com- mercial activities and manufacture development (for details, see the repositories at http://goo.gl/7mea9q and at http://goo.gl/ PWcsZ6or, for the World Bank and IFC, respectively).
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