New Concepts in Shoe Retail: The 1990sBy the end of the 1980s, Fisher and Camuto's company was involved in both the wholesale and retail markets of the women's shoes business. On December 31, 1991, these concerns--Fisher Camuto Corporation, Fisher Camuto Retail Corporation, and Espressioni, Inc.--merged to form a new company, which was soon renamed Nine West Group Inc. Preparing to go public, Fisher and Camuto merged Jervin Inc. into the Nine West Group, of which it became a division in 1992. Once this transaction was completed, Nine West became a public corporation in early February 1993, selling shares of common stock on the New York Stock Exchange.By this time, Nine West was operating 236 retail and outlet stores as well as designing and marketing branded and private-label shoes to more than 2,000 department, specialty, and independent store customers. Of its five nationally recognized brands, its Nine West brand was the most successful, having been redefined and repositioned in 1989 to compete in the $50 to $65 price range. The company's more moderately priced Calico brand represented its most traditionally styled shoe, typically selling for between $40 and $50. Nine West's Westies brand, sold only by independent retailers, competed in the under $40 market segment, while the Enzo Angiolini brand, the company's designer label, comprised leather shoes priced between $65 and $80. The company's fifth brand, 9 & Co., was created to attract a younger clientele and featured a line of junior footwear priced below $50, which was sold through the company's new retail store concept, also named 9 & Co.In the wholesale side of its business, Nine West distributed private-label shoes to a host of large, nationally recognized customers, including J.C. Penney Company, Sears, Roebuck & Co., Thom McAn Shoe Company, and Kinney Shoes. Design, manufacturing, and sales operations of the private-label footwear were overseen by Nine West's Jervin division. The company's branded shoes were distributed to several of the largest department stores in the country, including The May Department Stores Company, R.H. Macy & Co., Federated Department Stores, Nordstrom, and Dillard Department Stores.Nine West's success was largely dependent on its use of Brazilian manufacturing facilities. While these factories had initially manufactured 200 pairs of shoes per day for Fisher and Camuto, the production level had increased exponentially, reaching 130,000 pairs of shoes per day in 1993. During this time, the industry in Brazil employed a work force of over 39,000 and maintained cost-efficient factories, which operated their own tanneries. Moreover, through manufacturing arrangements with 25 independent Brazilian shoe manufacturers, which produced Nine West shoes in 40 factories, Nine West was able to deliver design specifications and receive completed products in an eight-week period, giving the company a supplier network that ranked among the best in the U.S. shoe industry.Buoyed by this established supply network, Nine West capitalized on a fashion trend away from sneakers toward heavier, sturdier shoes, a trend widely embraced by younger consumers in late 1993 and early 1994. The shift in consumers' tastes caught several of the country's large athletic shoe manufacturers--Reebok International Ltd., Nike, Inc., and L.A. Gear, Inc.--by surprise, and their sales figures declined. However, Nine West and some other companies, such as Timberland Co., an outdoor apparel and shoe company, experienced a surge in profits. Nine West's stock price, which initially sold for $17.50 per share, shot up to more than $34 by the fourth quarter of the company's 1993 fiscal year.Highs and Lows in the Late 1990sBy the mid-1990s, however, prospects for the U.S. shoe industry were bleak. A glut of shoe products, combined with the rapid proliferation of retail outlets nationwide, drove sales forecasts down to two or three percent. Compounding the problem for shoe manufacturers was a recent practice among retailers and department stores of developing their own private-label products. To counter this trend, Nine West began opening a number of new boutiques in upscale urban areas, most notably in Union Square, San Francisco, in November 1994. At the same time, in an effort to diversify its product line, Nine West acquired LJS Accessory Collections, Ltd., a manufacturer of women's accessories, in January 1995.In March 1995 Nine West finally acquired U.S. Shoe for $600 million. The deal doubled the size of the company and made Nine West the nation's third largest shoe manufacturer. More significant than this growth, however, was the acquisition of U.S. Shoe's major brands, which included Amalfi, Evan-Picone, and Bandolino. Particularly valuable was the Easy Spirit line of shoes, which saw $200 million in sales in 1994, and accounted for all of U.S. Shoe's $35 million profits. By the end of 1995 Nine West could boast 35 percent of all women's shoes sold in department stores, as well as 17 percent of the specialty footware market. Contrary to industry forecasts, Nine West's future seemed bright.In November 1996, the company moved back to New York, taking advantage of a number of financial incentives, such as tax breaks and electricity savings, to relocate to White Plains. The year 1996 was another strong year for the company, with sales of $1.6 billion, and increase of 33 percent over the previous year, and net profits reaching $95 million. Riding the momentum of this continued success, the company embarked on a new publicity strategy, in the hopes of changing its image from a that of a manufacturer of affordable shoes into a major 'fashion brand.' In 1996 the company reached a licensing agreement with Calvin Klein, whereby Nine West would assume responsibility for the operation of 20 CK Shoe boutiques, and an ambitious advertising campaign, featuring photographs by Herb Ritts, was launched in early 1997. Meanwhile, the recently-acquired accessories business was doing far better than expected, with sales reaching $45 million after only two years.This growth came to an abrupt halt in May 1997, however, when the SEC announced its intention to launch an investigation into Nine West's accounting practices, in particular its manner of reporting sales. The company's initial reluctance to report this development to its shareholders only made matters worse; when a press release became unavoidable the company's stock dropped 18 percent. By December the stock had fallen 45 percent from the year's high, and in 1998 the company was forced to cut production from five million to three million units, resulting in the closing of two factories and 100 retail stores, and nearly 1,000 job cuts. More problems followed in early 1999, when a number of independent Nine West store owners filed an anti-trust suit against the company, alleging that it was engaging in unfair pricing practices with major department stores.
It was in the midst of these difficult times that the Jones Apparel Group tendered a substantial offer for the company, and an acquisition, worth $885 million, was announced in March 1999. While the proposed deal did not sit well with some Jones Apparel investors, in light of Nine West's ongoing legal difficulties, the merger went through in June, and Nine West became a wholly-owned subsidiary. In the wake of the consolidation, the shoe manufacturer was forced to close three plants and lay off 1,900 workers, or 21 percent of its work force. After Jones entered into a settlement agreement with the Nine West Store owners in March 2000, it seemed the shoe company was once again on an even keel, and analysts were projecting sales for the newly-combined businesses to rise as high as $4.18 billion for the coming year, with profits increasing by 20 percent.
Principal Competitors: Brown Shoe Company, Inc.; Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc.; Candies, Inc.; Etienne Aigner, Inc.; Maxwell Shoe Company Inc.
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