Autophosphorylated cytoplasmic ATM activates LKB1via phosphorylation of Thr-366, which activates AMPK through Thr-172 phosphorylation. Activated AMPK in turn activates the tuberoussclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) tumor suppressor protein via phosphorylation at Thr-1271 and Ser-1387, leading to inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), thereby suppressing protein synthesis and inducing autophagy under oxidative stress (Fig. 8). The activation of autophagy through this pathway may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS
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