Carrier frequency errors result in a shift of the received signal’s spectrum in the frequency
domain. If the frequency error is an integer multiplIe of the subcarrier spacingA f , t hen the
received frequency domain subcarriersa re shifted by 1.A f . The subcarriers are still mutually
orthogonal, but the received data symbols, which were mapped to the OFDM spectrum, are
in the wrong position in the demodulated spectrum, resulting in a bit error rate of 0.5.