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THE BIG CATS AT THE SHARJAH BREEDIN

THE BIG CATS AT THE SHARJAH BREEDING CENTRE

It is one of the few places where you will be able to spot them all at the same time… the

Arabian wolf, an African cheetah, an Arabian leopard, an oryx, a gazelle. These are just some of the animals, which, on the brink of extinction, are now getting a new lease of life thanks to the exemplary work being done at the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah.

Sharjah is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. The Breeding

Centre’s expertise and facilities have made it a prime destination for illegally imported animals confiscated by UAE and Sharjah authorities. In the last four years, more than 900 mammals and reptiles and 969 birds have arrived at the centre, including 25 North African cheetahs, Houbara bustard and falcons, lions, a baby Nile crocodile and a Burmese python that was left in a rental car at the airport.

The 25 cheetahs were all imported illegally into the UAE and were intercepted at the UAE harbour and airport entry points. They nearly all arrived malnourished, dehydrated and highly stressed after long voyages stuffed into boxes, crates and suitcases. Now they are bright and full of energy. The Centre’s efforts have also been rewarded when the first cheetah mating took place at the end of 2002. Playing matchmaker with these beautiful creatures is no easy task – successful breeding requires considerable patience and intimate knowledge of each animal’s personality, and it is the result of intensive and expert management of each animal within the group as well as of the group as a whole.

Because this group was still young and inexperienced in courtship matters, the keepers had to make the introductions only after careful planning and management, much like the lead role in a Jane Austen novel. The female cheetahs were initially intimidated by the presence of the male; however, as they advance to oestrus, the roles are reversed and the male cheetah becomes too wary to approach during the female’s most receptive phase of the cycle. It is the responsibility of the keeper therefore to monitor each individual and to be able to respond to any indication from the cheetahs that the time is right for introducing a pair. The close bond that invariably develops between the keeper and the cheetahs enables the keeper to spot even the most subtle signs from the animals in their care. The trust between keeper and animal has also allowed the opportunity to study cellular changes in the sexual organs of the females during the hormonal cycles that occur prior to reproduction.

The Breeding Centre’s cheetahs are also participants in the European breeding programme, which aims to ensure that the genetic diversity of this endangered species is maintained and expanded by breeding as many founder animals as possible to introduce new bloodlines into the captive population. In this way, the group held at the centre plays a very important role in the future health of the international captive population, as they are potentially all new founders.

Also very important for the Sharjah Breeding Centre is the leopard-breeding programme.

Academic Test 1; Page 8

© ieltshelpnow.com


The Arabian leopard, Panthera pardus nimr, is critically endangered around the world and particularly in the Arabian peninsula, where it was once found throughout the coastal mountain ranges. Activities like hunting, trapping and habitat destruction has reduced their range to a few isolated and fragmented populations in Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

In the 1980s, a captive breeding programme was established near Muscat with the capture of three leopards in southwestern Oman. The breeding programme in the UAE was initiated by the Arabian Leopard Trust and started with the arrival of two mature specimens: a male Arabian leopard from Yemen and a female on breeding loan from Oman in 1995. The arrival of these two animals led to the construction of the Breeding Centre in which the leopard has played the role of flagship species.

Today there are twelve leopards at the Breeding centre, eight of which have been born at the centre since the first cub in 1998. Once more, the secret to the centre’s success is the close relationship between animal and keeper. The leopard is usually shy and secretive with people around, but here they react positively to the presence of their keepers, approaching the fence so they can be talked to or scratched behind an ear.

The bond is particularly important during breeding season, when keepers decide to introduce pairs to each other. Male leopards are known to have killed their partners on introduction, so it is essential for the keeper to understand the leopards’ behaviour to decide when it is safe to do so. The trust is also important if keepers need to enter dens to check on and monitor the cub’s growth. Leopard females have been known to kill their cubs if the dens have been disturbed, but the centre’s leopards are quite comfortable with the staff handling the new generation of cubs.


Questions 1- 8

Source: The Gulf News, UAE


Use the information in the text to match the statements (1 – 8) with the animals (A – D). Write the appropriate letter (A – D) in boxes 1 – 8 on your answer sheet. Write:

A if the statement refers to cheetahs at the Breeding Centre.

B if the statement refers to leopards at the Breeding Centre.

C if the statement refers to both cheetahs and leopards at the Breeding Centre.

D If the statement refers to neither cheetahs nor leopards at the Breeding Centre.

Example Answer

These animals are endangered C


1 These animals were smuggled into the UAE.

2 At first these animals did not adapt to life at the Sharjah Breeding Centre

3 These animals are regarded as the most important animal at the Centre.

4 Half of these animals were born at the Breeding centre.

Academic Test 1; Page 9

© ieltshelpnow.com


5 These animals can be dangerous to one another.

6 The role of the keeper is vital in the breeding programme of these animals. 7 The first of these animals at the Breeding Centre were relatively young.

8 It is normally difficult for humans to approach these animals.

Questions 9 – 13

Complete the summary below.

Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 9 – 12 on your answer sheet.

NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them at all.


Example Answer
The Sharjah Breeding Centre now has a __________ of variety
animals including birds,…




SUMMARY

The Sharjah Breeding Centre now has a variety of animals including birds, mammals and

(9) __________. As its name suggests, the Centre is primarily involved in breeding and

(10) __________ the numbers of the species housed there whilst still maintaining the (11)

_________ of bloodlines in order to retain genetic health. In spite of problems involving the complex (12) __________ of the animals, a fair amount of (13) __________ has been achieved with North African cheetahs and Arabian leopards.

reptiles variety behaviour success creating
expanding difficulty diversity action habitat
season fish change working programme



Academic Test 1; Page 10

© ieltshelpnow.com


READING PASSAGE 2 Questions 14 - 27

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 – 27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.

INSOMNIA – THE ENEMY OF SLEEP

A

It is not unusual to have sleep troubles from time to time. But, if you feel you do not get enough sleep or satisfying sleep, you may have insomnia, a sleep disorder. People with insomnia have one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep, waking up too early in the morning and unrefreshing sleep. Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours you sleep every night. The amount of sleep a person needs varies. While most people need between 7 and 8 hours of sleep a night, some people do well with less, and some need more.

B

Insomnia occurs most frequently in people over age 60, in people with a history of depression, and in women, especially after menopause. Severe emotional trauma can also cause insomnia with divorced, widowed and separated people being the most likely to suffer from this sleep disorder.

Stress, anxiety, illness and other sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome are the most common causes of insomnia. An irregular work schedule, jet lag or brain damage from a stroke or

Alzeimer’s disease can also cause insomnia as well as excessive use of alcohol or illicit drugs. It can also accompany a variety of mental illnesses.

C

The mechanism that induces sleep is not known. When it becomes dark, the pineal gland in the brain secretes a hormone called melatonin, which is thought to induce sleep. Exactly why sleep is necessary for good health and efficient mental functioning is unknown. We do know that sleep consists of two very different states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep. In

REM sleep, dreams occur, the eyes move under the closed lids and there is an increase in oxygen consumption, blood flow and neural activity. REM sleep occurs four or five times during a night.

Beginning periods last about ten to fifteen minutes but the periods get longer as the night goes on.

The periods of REM sleep alternate with longer periods of non-REM sleep, when body functions slow. Non-REM sleep has four stages. During the deepest stages (3 and 4) it is hard to rouse a sleeper. As the night goes on, the periods of non-REM sleep become progressively lighter.

Sleep in stages 1 and 2 are felt to be restorative as during this time the body repairs itself utilising a hormone called somatostatin. Lack of stage 4 sleep is believed to be important in chronically painful conditions such as fibromyalgia.

D

Healthcare providers diagnose insomnia in several ways. One way is to categorize insomnia


Academic Test 1; Page 11
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THE BIG CATS AT THE SHARJAH BREEDING CENTREIt is one of the few places where you will be able to spot them all at the same time… theArabian wolf, an African cheetah, an Arabian leopard, an oryx, a gazelle. These are just some of the animals, which, on the brink of extinction, are now getting a new lease of life thanks to the exemplary work being done at the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah.Sharjah is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. The BreedingCentre’s expertise and facilities have made it a prime destination for illegally imported animals confiscated by UAE and Sharjah authorities. In the last four years, more than 900 mammals and reptiles and 969 birds have arrived at the centre, including 25 North African cheetahs, Houbara bustard and falcons, lions, a baby Nile crocodile and a Burmese python that was left in a rental car at the airport.The 25 cheetahs were all imported illegally into the UAE and were intercepted at the UAE harbour and airport entry points. They nearly all arrived malnourished, dehydrated and highly stressed after long voyages stuffed into boxes, crates and suitcases. Now they are bright and full of energy. The Centre’s efforts have also been rewarded when the first cheetah mating took place at the end of 2002. Playing matchmaker with these beautiful creatures is no easy task – successful breeding requires considerable patience and intimate knowledge of each animal’s personality, and it is the result of intensive and expert management of each animal within the group as well as of the group as a whole.Because this group was still young and inexperienced in courtship matters, the keepers had to make the introductions only after careful planning and management, much like the lead role in a Jane Austen novel. The female cheetahs were initially intimidated by the presence of the male; however, as they advance to oestrus, the roles are reversed and the male cheetah becomes too wary to approach during the female’s most receptive phase of the cycle. It is the responsibility of the keeper therefore to monitor each individual and to be able to respond to any indication from the cheetahs that the time is right for introducing a pair. The close bond that invariably develops between the keeper and the cheetahs enables the keeper to spot even the most subtle signs from the animals in their care. The trust between keeper and animal has also allowed the opportunity to study cellular changes in the sexual organs of the females during the hormonal cycles that occur prior to reproduction.The Breeding Centre’s cheetahs are also participants in the European breeding programme, which aims to ensure that the genetic diversity of this endangered species is maintained and expanded by breeding as many founder animals as possible to introduce new bloodlines into the captive population. In this way, the group held at the centre plays a very important role in the future health of the international captive population, as they are potentially all new founders.Also very important for the Sharjah Breeding Centre is the leopard-breeding programme.Academic Test 1; Page 8© ieltshelpnow.com The Arabian leopard, Panthera pardus nimr, is critically endangered around the world and particularly in the Arabian peninsula, where it was once found throughout the coastal mountain ranges. Activities like hunting, trapping and habitat destruction has reduced their range to a few isolated and fragmented populations in Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.In the 1980s, a captive breeding programme was established near Muscat with the capture of three leopards in southwestern Oman. The breeding programme in the UAE was initiated by the Arabian Leopard Trust and started with the arrival of two mature specimens: a male Arabian leopard from Yemen and a female on breeding loan from Oman in 1995. The arrival of these two animals led to the construction of the Breeding Centre in which the leopard has played the role of flagship species.Today there are twelve leopards at the Breeding centre, eight of which have been born at the centre since the first cub in 1998. Once more, the secret to the centre’s success is the close relationship between animal and keeper. The leopard is usually shy and secretive with people around, but here they react positively to the presence of their keepers, approaching the fence so they can be talked to or scratched behind an ear.The bond is particularly important during breeding season, when keepers decide to introduce pairs to each other. Male leopards are known to have killed their partners on introduction, so it is essential for the keeper to understand the leopards’ behaviour to decide when it is safe to do so. The trust is also important if keepers need to enter dens to check on and monitor the cub’s growth. Leopard females have been known to kill their cubs if the dens have been disturbed, but the centre’s leopards are quite comfortable with the staff handling the new generation of cubs. Questions 1- 8 Source: The Gulf News, UAE Use the information in the text to match the statements (1 – 8) with the animals (A – D). Write the appropriate letter (A – D) in boxes 1 – 8 on your answer sheet. Write:A if the statement refers to cheetahs at the Breeding Centre. B if the statement refers to leopards at the Breeding Centre. C if the statement refers to both cheetahs and leopards at the Breeding Centre. D If the statement refers to neither cheetahs nor leopards at the Breeding Centre. Example AnswerThese animals are endangered C1 These animals were smuggled into the UAE. 2 At first these animals did not adapt to life at the Sharjah Breeding Centre 3 These animals are regarded as the most important animal at the Centre. 4 Half of these animals were born at the Breeding centre. Academic Test 1; Page 9
© ieltshelpnow.com


5 These animals can be dangerous to one another.

6 The role of the keeper is vital in the breeding programme of these animals. 7 The first of these animals at the Breeding Centre were relatively young.

8 It is normally difficult for humans to approach these animals.

Questions 9 – 13

Complete the summary below.

Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 9 – 12 on your answer sheet.

NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them at all.


Example Answer
The Sharjah Breeding Centre now has a __________ of variety
animals including birds,…




SUMMARY

The Sharjah Breeding Centre now has a variety of animals including birds, mammals and

(9) __________. As its name suggests, the Centre is primarily involved in breeding and

(10) __________ the numbers of the species housed there whilst still maintaining the (11)

_________ of bloodlines in order to retain genetic health. In spite of problems involving the complex (12) __________ of the animals, a fair amount of (13) __________ has been achieved with North African cheetahs and Arabian leopards.

reptiles variety behaviour success creating
expanding difficulty diversity action habitat
season fish change working programme



Academic Test 1; Page 10

© ieltshelpnow.com


READING PASSAGE 2 Questions 14 - 27

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 – 27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.

INSOMNIA – THE ENEMY OF SLEEP

A

It is not unusual to have sleep troubles from time to time. But, if you feel you do not get enough sleep or satisfying sleep, you may have insomnia, a sleep disorder. People with insomnia have one or more of the following: difficulty falling asleep, waking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleep, waking up too early in the morning and unrefreshing sleep. Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours you sleep every night. The amount of sleep a person needs varies. While most people need between 7 and 8 hours of sleep a night, some people do well with less, and some need more.

B

Insomnia occurs most frequently in people over age 60, in people with a history of depression, and in women, especially after menopause. Severe emotional trauma can also cause insomnia with divorced, widowed and separated people being the most likely to suffer from this sleep disorder.

Stress, anxiety, illness and other sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome are the most common causes of insomnia. An irregular work schedule, jet lag or brain damage from a stroke or

Alzeimer’s disease can also cause insomnia as well as excessive use of alcohol or illicit drugs. It can also accompany a variety of mental illnesses.

C

The mechanism that induces sleep is not known. When it becomes dark, the pineal gland in the brain secretes a hormone called melatonin, which is thought to induce sleep. Exactly why sleep is necessary for good health and efficient mental functioning is unknown. We do know that sleep consists of two very different states: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep. In

REM sleep, dreams occur, the eyes move under the closed lids and there is an increase in oxygen consumption, blood flow and neural activity. REM sleep occurs four or five times during a night.

Beginning periods last about ten to fifteen minutes but the periods get longer as the night goes on.

The periods of REM sleep alternate with longer periods of non-REM sleep, when body functions slow. Non-REM sleep has four stages. During the deepest stages (3 and 4) it is hard to rouse a sleeper. As the night goes on, the periods of non-REM sleep become progressively lighter.

Sleep in stages 1 and 2 are felt to be restorative as during this time the body repairs itself utilising a hormone called somatostatin. Lack of stage 4 sleep is believed to be important in chronically painful conditions such as fibromyalgia.

D

Healthcare providers diagnose insomnia in several ways. One way is to categorize insomnia


Academic Test 1; Page 11
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THE CATS BIG DI PUSAT BIBIT SHARJAH Ini adalah salah satu dari sedikit tempat di mana Anda akan dapat melihat mereka semua pada waktu yang sama ... serigala Arab, sebuah cheetah Afrika, macan tutul Arab, sebuah kijang, rusa. Ini hanya beberapa hewan, yang, di ambang kepunahan, sekarang mendapatkan sewa baru kehidupan berkat kerja teladan yang dilakukan di Pusat Pembibitan untuk Langka Arabian Wildlife di Sharjah. Sharjah adalah salah satu dari tujuh emirat yang membentuk Uni Emirat Arab. The Breeding keahlian dan fasilitas Pusat ini telah membuatnya menjadi tujuan utama bagi hewan yang diimpor secara ilegal disita oleh UEA dan Sharjah berwenang. Dalam empat tahun terakhir, lebih dari 900 mamalia dan reptil dan 969 burung telah tiba di pusat, termasuk 25 cheetah Afrika Utara, Houbara bustard dan elang, singa, bayi Nil buaya dan python Burma yang tersisa di mobil sewaan di bandara. 25 Cheetah semua diimpor secara ilegal ke UEA dan dicegat di UEA pelabuhan dan masuk bandara poin. Mereka hampir semua tiba malnutrisi, dehidrasi dan sangat menekankan setelah perjalanan panjang dimasukkan ke kotak, peti dan koper. Sekarang mereka cerah dan penuh energi. Upaya Centre juga telah dihargai ketika cheetah kawin pertama terjadi pada akhir tahun 2002. Bermain mak comblang dengan makhluk-makhluk yang indah bukanlah tugas yang mudah - sukses penangkaran membutuhkan kesabaran yang cukup dan pengetahuan yang mendalam tentang kepribadian masing-masing hewan, dan itu adalah hasil dari manajemen intensif dan ahli masing-masing hewan dalam kelompok serta kelompok secara keseluruhan. Karena kelompok ini masih muda dan belum berpengalaman dalam hal pacaran, penjaga harus membuat perkenalan hanya setelah perencanaan dan manajemen hati-hati, seperti memimpin peran dalam novel Jane Austen. Cheetah perempuan awalnya terintimidasi oleh kehadiran laki-laki; Namun, karena mereka maju ke berahi, peran dibalik dan cheetah laki-laki menjadi terlalu waspada untuk mendekati selama fase paling reseptif betina siklus. Ini adalah tanggung jawab kiper karena itu untuk memantau setiap individu dan untuk dapat menanggapi indikasi dari cheetah bahwa waktu yang tepat untuk memperkenalkan sepasang. Ikatan dekat yang selalu berkembang antara kiper dan cheetah memungkinkan kiper untuk tempat bahkan tanda-tanda yang paling halus dari hewan dalam perawatan mereka. Kepercayaan antara kiper dan hewan juga telah memungkinkan kesempatan untuk mempelajari perubahan seluler di organ seksual betina selama siklus hormonal yang terjadi sebelum reproduksi. Cheetah yang Breeding Centre juga peserta dalam program pemuliaan Eropa, yang bertujuan untuk memastikan bahwa keragaman genetik dari spesies yang terancam punah ini dipertahankan dan diperluas dengan pemuliaan banyak hewan pendiri mungkin untuk memperkenalkan garis keturunan baru ke dalam populasi tawanan. Dengan cara ini, kelompok diadakan di pusat memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam masa depan kesehatan penduduk captive internasional, karena mereka berpotensi semua pendiri baru. Juga sangat penting untuk Sharjah Breeding Centre adalah program leopard-peternakan. Uji Akademik 1; Halaman 8 © ieltshelpnow.com The macan tutul Arab, Panthera pardus Nimr, yang terancam punah di seluruh dunia dan khususnya di jazirah Arab, di mana ia pernah ditemukan di seluruh pegunungan pesisir. Kegiatan seperti berburu, perangkap dan perusakan habitat telah mengurangi jangkauan mereka ke populasi yang terisolasi dan terfragmentasi beberapa di Oman, Yaman dan Arab Saudi. Pada 1980-an, program penangkaran didirikan dekat Muscat dengan penangkapan tiga macan tutul di barat daya Oman. Program pemuliaan di UAE diprakarsai oleh Arab Leopard Trust dan dimulai dengan kedatangan dua spesimen dewasa: macan tutul Arabian laki-laki dari Yaman dan seorang wanita di peternakan pinjaman dari Oman pada tahun 1995. Kedatangan dua hewan menyebabkan konstruksi dari Pusat Pembibitan di mana macan tutul telah memainkan peran spesies utama. Saat ini ada dua belas macan tutul di pusat Breeding, delapan di antaranya telah lahir di tengah sejak anak pertama pada tahun 1998. Sekali lagi, rahasia ke pusat itu keberhasilan adalah hubungan erat antara hewan dan kiper. Macan tutul biasanya pemalu dan tertutup dengan orang-orang sekitar, tapi di sini mereka bereaksi positif terhadap kehadiran penjaga mereka, mendekati pagar sehingga mereka dapat berbicara dengan atau tergores di belakang telinga. Obligasi tersebut sangat penting selama musim kawin, ketika penjaga memutuskan untuk memperkenalkan pasangan satu sama lain. Macan tutul jantan diketahui telah membunuh pasangannya pada pengenalan, sehingga sangat penting bagi kiper untuk memahami perilaku macan tutul 'untuk memutuskan kapan waktu yang aman untuk melakukannya. Kepercayaan juga penting jika penjaga harus memasukkan sarang untuk memeriksa dan memantau pertumbuhan anak itu. Leopard perempuan telah dikenal untuk membunuh anaknya mereka jika sarang telah terganggu, tetapi macan tutul pusat itu cukup nyaman dengan staf menangani generasi baru anaknya. Pertanyaan 1- 8 Sumber: The Gulf News, UAE Gunakan informasi dalam teks untuk mencocokkan laporan (1-8) dengan hewan (A - D). Menulis huruf yang sesuai (A - D) dalam kotak 1-8 pada lembar jawaban Anda. Menulis: A jika pernyataan mengacu cheetah di Pusat Pembibitan. B jika pernyataan mengacu pada macan tutul di Pusat Pembibitan. C jika pernyataan mengacu pada kedua cheetah dan macan tutul di Pusat Pembibitan. D Jika pernyataan mengacu tidak cheetah atau macan tutul di Pusat Pembibitan. Contoh Jawaban hewan ini terancam punah C 1 Hewan ini diselundupkan ke UEA. 2 Awalnya hewan-hewan ini tidak beradaptasi dengan kehidupan di Sharjah Breeding Centre 3 hewan ini dianggap sebagai binatang yang paling penting di Pusat . 4 Setengah dari hewan-hewan ini dilahirkan di pusat penangkaran. Akademik Tes 1; Halaman 9 © ieltshelpnow.com 5 Hewan ini bisa berbahaya untuk satu sama lain. 6 Peran kiper sangat penting dalam program pemuliaan hewan-hewan ini. 7 Yang pertama dari hewan-hewan ini di Pusat Pembibitan yang relatif muda. 8 Hal ini biasanya sulit bagi manusia untuk mendekati hewan-hewan ini. Pertanyaan 9-13 Lengkapi Ringkasan di bawah ini. Pilih jawaban Anda dari kotak di bawah ringkasan dan menuliskannya dalam kotak 9 -. 12 pada lembar jawaban Anda NB Ada lebih kata-kata dari ruang, sehingga Anda tidak akan menggunakannya sama sekali. Contoh Jawaban The Sharjah Breeding Centre sekarang memiliki __________ dari berbagai hewan termasuk burung, ... RINGKASAN The Sharjah Breeding Centre sekarang memiliki varietas hewan termasuk burung, mamalia dan (9) __________. Seperti namanya, Pusat terutama terlibat dalam pemuliaan dan (10) __________ jumlah spesies ditempatkan di sana sementara tetap mempertahankan (11) _________ dari garis keturunan untuk mempertahankan kesehatan genetik. Terlepas dari masalah yang melibatkan kompleks (12) __________ hewan, cukup banyak (13) __________ telah dicapai dengan cheetah Afrika Utara dan macan tutul Arab. Keberhasilan perilaku berbagai reptil menciptakan memperluas keragaman habitat tindakan kesulitan musim perubahan ikan bekerja Program Akademik Test 1; Halaman 10 © ieltshelpnow.com READING LINTAS 2 Pertanyaan 14 - 27 Anda harus menghabiskan sekitar 20 menit pada Pertanyaan 14 -. 27 yang didasarkan pada Membaca Ayat 2 pada halaman berikut INSOMNIA - MUSUH DARI TIDUR A Hal ini tidak biasa untuk memiliki tidur masalah dari waktu ke waktu. Tapi, jika Anda merasa Anda tidak mendapatkan cukup tidur atau tidur memuaskan, Anda mungkin memiliki insomnia, gangguan tidur. Orang dengan insomnia memiliki satu atau lebih dari yang berikut: sulit tidur, sering terbangun pada malam hari dan mengalami kesulitan untuk tidur kembali, bangun terlalu pagi dan tidur yang tidak menyegarkan. Insomnia tidak didefinisikan dengan jumlah jam tidur setiap malam. Jumlah kebutuhan tidur seseorang berbeda-beda. Sementara kebanyakan orang membutuhkan antara 7 dan 8 jam tidur malam, beberapa orang melakukannya dengan baik dengan lebih sedikit, dan beberapa membutuhkan lebih banyak. B Insomnia paling sering terjadi pada orang di atas usia 60, pada orang dengan riwayat depresi, dan pada wanita, terutama setelah menopause. Trauma emosional yang berat juga dapat menyebabkan insomnia dengan bercerai, janda dan dipisahkan orang-orang yang paling mungkin menderita sleep ini gangguan. Stres, kecemasan, penyakit dan gangguan tidur lainnya seperti sindrom kaki gelisah adalah penyebab paling umum dari insomnia. Jadwal kerja yang tidak teratur, jet lag atau kerusakan otak dari stroke atau penyakit Alzeimer juga dapat menyebabkan insomnia serta penggunaan alkohol yang berlebihan atau obat-obatan terlarang. Hal ini juga dapat menemani berbagai penyakit mental. C Mekanisme yang menginduksi tidur tidak diketahui. Ketika menjadi gelap, kelenjar pineal di otak mengeluarkan hormon yang disebut melatonin, yang diduga menginduksi tidur. Persis mengapa tidur diperlukan untuk kesehatan yang baik dan fungsi mental yang efisien tidak diketahui. Kita tahu bahwa tidur terdiri dari dua negara yang sangat berbeda: rapid eye movement (REM) tidur dan tidur non-REM. Dalam tidur REM, mimpi terjadi, mata bergerak di bawah kelopak tertutup dan ada peningkatan konsumsi oksigen, aliran darah dan aktivitas saraf. Tidur REM terjadi empat atau lima kali selama malam. Awal periode terakhir sekitar sepuluh sampai lima belas menit tapi waktu lebih panjang sebagai malam berlangsung. The periode alternatif tidur REM dengan waktu yang lebih lama dari tidur non-REM, ketika fungsi tubuh yang lambat. Non-REM sleep memiliki empat tahap. Selama tahap terdalam (3 dan 4) sulit untuk membangkitkan sleeper. Sebagai malam berlangsung, periode tidur non-REM menjadi semakin ringan. Tidur di tahap 1 dan 2 dirasakan restoratif sebagai selama ini perbaikan tubuh sendiri memanfaatkan hormon yang disebut somatostatin. Kurangnya stadium 4 tidur diyakini penting dalam kondisi kronis yang menyakitkan seperti fibromyalgia. D Penyedia layanan kesehatan mendiagnosa insomnia pada beberapa cara. Salah satunya adalah dengan mengkategorikan Insomnia Akademik Tes 1; Halaman 11














































































































































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