Design is the organized arrangement of materials to satisfy a functional or an artistic purpose. Design plays an important role in all the fine arts and in the creation of industrial products.
The term ‘designer’ was first used in the late 1600’s when division of
labor increased. Prior to that time, a craft worker would design a product while making it. During the mid-1800’s, manufacturers began to produce electrical appliances and other machines for home use. In those days, people bought machines for the work they could do and were not greatly concerned about how the machines looked.
By the early l900’s, the public had choices when buying radios, toasters, and similar devices. When two radios worked the same, customers chose the more attractive one. Manufacturers realized the need for good design to maintain sales, The profession of industrial design developed to fill this need.
Visual artists or designers Work with such elements of design as line, plane, texture, color, shape, form, volume, mass, and space. When these elements are combined in a satisfying manner, the design will have an interesting variety within an overall unity.
Harmony, or balance, can be obtained in many ways in design. It may be symmetrical. It may also be asymmetrical but still pleasing to the eye. A small area may balance a large area if the small area has an importance to the eye that equals that of the larger area.
Contrast is the opposite of harmony. It involves such relationships as large and small, thick and thin, dark and light, dense and sparse, and scattered and concentrated.
Rhythm and movement are obtained either by using wavy lines or by placing motifs in contrast to static (set) patterns. This technique adds interest to a design.
Unity occurs when all the elements in a design combine to form a consistent whole. A design has unity if its masses are balanced or if its tones and colors harmonize.
Industrial design is the process of planning and developing products and systems. Industrial designers create products to perform specific functions. The products must be attractive as Well as safe, reliable, and easy to maintain. They must also be easy and inexpensive to manufacture. Industrial designers must combine artistic ability with knowledge of engineering, costs, materials, manufacturing processes, and marketing conditions. They have a great impact on deciding what products are available to consumers.
Some industrial designers work on products for everyday home and office, use. Such products include cars, cameras, computers, lighting, fixtures, office furniture, television, sets, and tools. Other designers develop such specialized products as antipollution device, .medical equipment, and spacecraft. Still others work on special projects, such as packaging, product trademarks, trade show exhibits, and interior layouts of buildings.
Graphic design refers to visual arts in which designs or patterns are made for commercial purposes. Examples of graphic design include postage stamps, greeting cards, book designs, advertising brochures, newspaper and magazine ads, billboards, product packages, posters, and logos. frequently, graphic products include written copy that is set in type. Dne graphic products have been designed, they are usually mass produced by one of the types of printing.
Designers do considerable research on their products. They carefully study related technologies and reports and examples of similar and competing products. They also survey consumer preferences. The designers then create a number of designs for their products. These preliminary designs are discussed with managers, engineers, and marketing experts. After company officials approve a design, designers may prepare models of the products using clay, plastic, or wood. Or they may create electronic "models" on computers using CAD (computer-aided design) programs. Later, prototypes, or testing models, are constructed with the actual materials to be used on the products. Many design firms produce prototypes from electronici models by using a system known as CNC (computer numerical control) to precisely operate machine tools.
Most people who desire careers in design take a special program of study at an art school, technical college, or university. Design students may take such courses as basic computer skills, basic engineering, clay and wood modeling, CAD, mechanical drawing, perspective rendering, and product design. Knowledge of applied psychology is also helpful,
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