“For all that, welfare economics can no more reach conclusions applicable to the real world without some knowledge of the real world than can positive economics” (Robert, 1969). There are many times when the outcome of market differs from the society’s outcome considering optimal. The reason for that market failure is an externality, it can be an external cost or benefit of a third party other than the producer or consumer of the good. The government and public have concerned with those externality problems such as environment pollution. The number of studies and articles in the economics literature have been increase dramatically.In the first part of this paper, we analyse the externality theory and the remedies market mechanisms for consumption and production inefficiency outcomes. The second part mentions the effects of Pigouvian tax and subsidy in the presence of externality.
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