As illustrated in the opening example, developing an accurate sampling method is an important issue when designing a study that uses interviewing or surveys for data collec- tion. Overall, there are two basic sampling designs: probability and nonprobability. Exhibil 10.1 lists the different types of both sampling methods. In probability sampling, each sampling unit in the defined target population has a known probability of being selected for the sample. The actual probability of selection fou each sampling unit may or may not be equal depending on the type of probability sampling design used. Specific rules for selecting members from the population for inclusion in the sample are determined at the beginning of a study to ensure (1) unbiased selection of the sampling units and (2) proper sample representation of the defined target population. Prob ability sampling enables the researcher to judge the reliability and validity of data collected by calculating the probability that the sample findings are different from the defined target population. The observed difference can be partially attributed to the existence of sampling error. The results obtained by using probability sampling designs can be generalized to th target population within specified margin of error. In nonprobability sampling, the probability of selecting each sampling unit is no known. Therefore, sampling error is not known either. Selection of sampling units is based on some type of intuitive judgment or knowledge of the researcher. The degree to which the sample may or may not be representative of the defined target population depends on
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