Inordertobeindependentof sampleandc

Inordertobeindependentof sampleandcircuitgeometryinperformingcertain typesof calculations,weneed tointroducethesepropertiesas properties of the material (not the sample). Therefore,we must use the specific electric resistivity  and its reciprocal,the specific conductivity . The specific conductivity  is dependent only on the composition of the material (phase of state,moisturecontent,chemicalcomposition,etc.),andnoton samplesizeor shape.It can beexpressedas follows: R =  · l A (8.3) or
 =
1 
(8.4)
where  specific electric resistivityin §·m  specific electric conductivityin S·m−1 Units forresistanceand conductance: 1V·A−1 =1§ (Ohm) 1§−1 = 1S (Siemens)