The qualification present in this passage gave rise to the pure ‘mandatory’form of universal jurisdiction91, according to which each State assumes jurisdictionand consequently must prosecute all offences generally recognised asof universal concern, regardless of where the offence took place or who theperpetrator or the victims were92.However, this ‘unilateral limited universality principle’93 is distinguishedfrom the ‘co-operative limited universality principle’94, which confers uponthe State the right rather than the obligation (may instead of must) to prosecute;in such a situation Grotius was quite categorical:
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