Sufficient iron stores are required for running (or any other endurance activity), as they are an essential component of red blood cells — which carry oxygen to your working muscles. Iron deficiency prevents your muscles from getting maximal amounts of oxygen, thereby compromising performance. Unlike carbohydrates and sodium, iron loss is more gradual, and its effects are more subtle until it’s reached a more severe stage called anemia. Runners are at greater risk of deficiency due to losses through sweat, gastrointestinal disturbances and the repeated striking of the ground with every step (foot strike hemolysis). Furthermore, women of childbearing age are at greater risk due to menstruation. While other minerals are involved with muscular function and recovery, like zinc, magnesium and calcium, iron is the one most directly linked to running performance. Foods rich in iron include red meat, beans, poultry, fish, tofu, quinoa and spinach. To enhance absorption, pair your iron-rich food with a food source of vitamin C, like red peppers, berries, broccoli or citrus.
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